GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 7 – OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ACTIVITIESFigure 2 - Depiction of the Work Packages and their organization within MEGAPOLIFigure 3 - The pyramid of megacities examined within MEGAPOLI; the project addressed practically all major megacitiesaround the globe at three different levels of detail252
7.2 CITYZENCHAPTER 7 – OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ACTIVITIESThe CityZen project (megaCITY - Zoom for the ENvironment), funded by the EuropeanUnion through Framework Programme 7, investigated air pollution distribution and change in andaround selected megacities and emission hotspots for the last decade and the 3-year period of theproject (2008-2011). Long-term satellite observations, in-situ measurements, and a series ofdifferent scale models (local-regional-global) were employed in order to analyze the impacts of airpollution hot spots on regional and global air quality. Potential future changes were studied basedon various mitigation and climate change scenarios. CityZen chose four focus areas: 1) TheEastern Mediterranean including Istanbul, Athens and Cairo, 2) the Po Valley including Milan,Genova, and Torino, 3) the Ruhr region in West-Germany together with the BeNeLux area, and 4)the Pearl River Delta with the major cities being Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. In addition,the hot and polluted European summers of 2003 and 2007 were chosen for intensive case studies.The project included a total of 16 partners from 11 countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia andwas coordinated by the <strong>No</strong>rwegian Meteorological Institute. Similar to MEGAPOLI, the CityZenproject aimed at bridging the spatial and temporal scales that connect local emissions, air qualityand weather with global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The main objectives for CityZen wereto:• Quantify and understand current air pollution distribution and development in and aroundselected megacities/hot spot regions, including the interaction across the different spatialscales• Estimate the future impact from emission changes with a focus on the effect of rapid growthin the population of megacities/hot spots and the increasing background of pollutants• Estimate how megacities/hot spots influence climate change• Estimate how megacities are responding to climate forcing which can influence transportpatterns, chemical oxidation and biogenic emissions• Study mitigation options, e.g. by introducing biofuels, to keep the air pollution load in andaround megacities/hot spots within sustainable limits in terms of human health effects andclimate impact• Develop tools to estimate interactions between different spatial scales (megacities to global)• Use the scientific results and methods developed and applied during the course of theproject for technical underpinning of policy workIn order to address these objectives several scientific questions have been addressed in theproject:1. Have megacities and hot spots changed the regional and global distribution of ozone,particulate matter, and their precursors including carbon monoxide CO and other pollutantssignificantly compared to what would be the case with more evenly distributed emissions?2. Have megacities affected the radiative budget and aerosol microphysics such thatprecipitation and the number of sunlit hours and thus temperature and photochemistry havechanged significantly both locally and over larger regions? Will this become more significantin the future as megacities and their emissions grow?3. Will climate change alter weather patterns (winds, temperature, stability, precipitation) andsurface properties, which affect air quality in megacities and regional hot spots? If morefrequent high pressure situations occur, will episodes with reduced air quality become morefrequent?4. Will climate change induce episodic and permanent changes in the natural andanthropogenic cycles of atmospheric trace chemicals?5. Will changes in frequency and intensity of forest fires and other biomass burning contributesignificantly to air pollution in megacities and hot spots?6. Can measures be defined that reduce the adverse effects of megacity/hot spot emissions?The adverse effects relate both to air quality (human health) and climate change/weathermodification.253
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONatmospheric
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThe impact
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONEquations 1
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThere is a
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLow-income
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION1.5 SCIENTI
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONReferencesA
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLeibensperg
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICACoordinating auth
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 3 displays
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAabout 2,000 mm pe
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 5 - NO2 me
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African c
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAratios in Bamako
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAAs shown in Figur
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAof the city of Jo
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAlow smoke coal wa
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcompleted, their
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAepidemiological d
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAPopulationGrowthR
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcycle with levels
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcomparable to tho
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFavez, O., Sciare
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICASeagrave, J., McD
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAnearly half of the
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIARelationships of th
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 12 - Graphic
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAnother significant
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand international),
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 17 - (a) Var
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAir Quality Index r
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAis due the ban of l
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 26 - Box plo
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 39 - A 52-ye
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthat such
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICALongo, K.
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICACoordinati
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAthat impro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA5.2 THE US
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAseason fro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAand small
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICABlumenthal
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAVelasco, E
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 1 shows a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE6.1.3 Pollution l
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 4 - [Carsl
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 7 - Greate
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141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
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185. Guidelines for the Measurement
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GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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