GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

CHAPTER 4 – SOUTH AMERICAand human development indexes for South American cities. From Table 1 it is apparent that theeconomic growth has also increased the life expectancy, educational attainment and incomemeasured by the Human Development Index in the region. However, South America is still subjectto severe inequity as expressed by the Gini index, which is a measure of income distribution.These inequities act as amplifiers of environmental problems and, in particular, they usuallyincrease the overall air pollution problem as well as domestic air pollution and other concomitantvulnerabilities [Smith et al., 2000; Adonis and Gil, 2001; Emmelin and Wall, 2007].Figure 1 - Map of the population density in South America (persons per km 2 ), based on 0.25 o gridded data for 2000 from theCenter for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University[http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/]Table 1 - Location, population (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm), gross domestic product (GDP) per city (Haworths etal. 2009), human development index (HDI) per country (http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/) and Gini Index in urban areas(http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/) for selected South American citiesUrbanAgglomerationGeographicalCoordinatesPopulation(in k inhabitants)GDP inUS$ atPPPHDIGini IndexLat Lon Alt 1975 2010 2025 2008 2025 1975 2000 2007 Ca. Ca. Ca.(S) (W) (m.a.s.l.)1990 2000 2007São Paulo 23,6 46,8 720 9.614 20.262 21.651 388 782 0,644 0,771 0,813 0,606 0,628 0,586Buenos Aires 34,5 58,5 20 8.745 13.074 13.708 362 651 0,784 0,854 0,866 0,501 0,590 0,510Rio de Janeiro 22,9 43,2 30 7.557 11.950 12.650 201 407 0,644 0,771 0,813 0,606 0,628 0,586Lima 12,0 77,0 110 3.696 8.941 10.530 109 213 0,642 - 0,806 - 0,477 0,421Bogotá -4,6 74,1 2600 3.040 8.500 10.537 100 192 0,661 0,771 0,807 - 0,484 0,587Santiago 33,5 70,5 500 3.138 5.952 6.503 120 207 0,703 0,835 0,878 0,543 0,558 0,517Medellín -6,2 73,6 1500 1.536 3.594 4.494 50 97 0,661 0,771 0,807 - 0,484 0,587142