GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThere is a need for further research on OA in order to reduce uncertainty of the role of aerosol inhuman health and climate.Figure 5 - Sources of atmospheric aerosol [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~lno/Meteo437/Figures437.html]Figure 6 - Average aerosol mass concentration and chemical of composition measured with an AMSat multiple locations in the <strong>No</strong>rthern Hemisphere. [Zhang et al., 2007]8
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION1.2.4 Climate changeAir pollution and climate change have largely been kept separate in both the scientific andpolicy communities. This was primarily due to the temporal and spatial differences between airpollution and climate with air pollutants being short-lived reactive species that have impacts on thelocal and regional scale and climate forcing agents being longer-lived radiatively active speciesthat have impacts on the global scale. However, more recently and into the future, it is clear thatair pollution and climate change are inexorably linked (Figure 7). Air pollutants that typically wereresearched and regulated for their air quality impacts are now being recognized as importantdrivers of climate change. In addition, the scientific community has begun to provide informationon the regional impacts of climate change and how these changes may impact air pollution. It isclear that air pollution and climate change are issues that now have overlapping temporal andspatial scales and should be addressed in an integrated manner.Figure 7 - Air pollution and climate are inexorably linked[http://www.ocw.cn/OcwWeb/Chemical-Engineering/10-571JSpring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm]Figure 8 shows the global average estimates and ranges for human-caused radiativeforcing in 2005 through the principal climate forcing agents [IPCC, 2007]. Species that typicallywere considered solely air pollutants in the past include tropospheric ozone, black carbon, andother aerosols. The positive radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and black carbon has ledto much interest in mitigating both of these air pollutants in order to both improve air quality andreduce radiative forcing, a win:win strategy. The linkage between air pollution and climate foraerosols is more complicated. Mitigation of aerosols from an air quality standpoint is clearly a winstrategy for human health and wellbeing. However, from a climate standpoint, mitigating aerosolswould eliminate a cooling effect, thus increasing the overall net global radiative forcing, a net lossfor climate [Ramanathan and Feng, 2008]. Figure 9 depicts a diagram showing that trade-off thatpolicy makers must consider when improving air quality or mitigating climate change.9
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICASeagrave, J., McD
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAnearly half of the
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIARelationships of th
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 12 - Graphic
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAnother significant
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand international),
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 17 - (a) Var
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAir Quality Index r
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAis due the ban of l
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 26 - Box plo
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 39 - A 52-ye
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthat such
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICACorvalán,
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICALongo, K.
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICARomero Lan
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICACoordinati
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAthat impro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA5.2 THE US
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAseason fro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAtoluene, a
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAand small
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICABlumenthal
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICALei, W., Z
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAVelasco, E
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 1 shows a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE6.1.3 Pollution l
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 4 - [Carsl
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 7 - Greate
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 9 - Partit
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFrom a regulatory
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEB) Particulate ma
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE• During the wi
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 17 - Total
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEair quality in th
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEfaculty of MSU, I
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE2007; Andersson e
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETable 3b - Past a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEexpectancy in NRW
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEtime range of sev
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEAs for the develo
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEpollutants around
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEaddition to local
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEprecipitation sam
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEstrict legislatio
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPECaserini, S., Fra
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEHodzic A., C. H.,
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETebaldi, G., Angi
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CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
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7.9 PRIDE-PRDCHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW O
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKs
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKr
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKM
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LIST OF RECENT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WA
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141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
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185. Guidelines for the Measurement
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GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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