-108-7)is,zg~ gg~5e mzz~E’4E!~K2j,— — — — —NOTE: Gmrves based on single shipPrucuremont,P@duced .Wui -sition Price <strong>for</strong> AluninumACONCLUSIONS)2 —$ I01 231J 5678 91011 12 13 1ARoUiTC VOYAGEDISTANCE- 1000 MILESFIG, 23 Required Freight Rate Versus RoundYoyage ~ 3 Legs Weight Sensitive CargoThe following conclusions may be drawn from this study:oFor the realistic cases examined, an aluminwm dry bulk carriersimilar to CHALLENGER always produced,a higher RFR than thatof a steel ship with the same life.This unfavorable economic potential of the <strong>aluminum</strong> ship resultedeven though factors favorable to the higher pricedd<strong>aluminum</strong> ship wereconsidered including:oAluminum ship cargo deadweight capacity was increased becauseof reduced structure weightoAluminum ship life was extended from 20 toincrease in scantlings30 years with noo Aluminum ship salvage value was $1,089,500of the steel shipmore than thato After tax return on investment of IO per cent and 7 per centinterest on borrowed capital, both relatively low at present,were assumed.The <strong>for</strong>egoing sensitivity studies indicate that there are severalareas in which the acquisition cost of an <strong>aluminum</strong> bulk carrier mightbe reduced. However, these studies also clearly indicate that at thistime even with these reductions, it is unlikely that an <strong>aluminum</strong> b~kcarrier will be directly competitive with an equivalent steel vessel onthe basis of Required Freight Rate.
-1o9-7. REcoMMENDEDAREAS FoR FURTHER STUDY. .One of the results of a limited feasibility study such as this, isthat numerous quesbions are raised wh~ch can not be satisfactorilyanswered within the time or cost allocated to the study. The <strong>aluminum</strong>bulk carrier study is no exception, and in the following pa~agraphs, themajor areas requiring further sbudy are delineated. These areas arelisted approximately in omier of priority, based upon their relativeimportance in establishing feasibility of using <strong>aluminum</strong> <strong>for</strong> the <strong>hull</strong>structure of large ships.CONSTRUCTION COSTSThe cost of fabricati~ large aluminw ship <strong>structures</strong> must be morefully defined to permit more accurate construction cost estimates andtrade-offs of alternative construction techniques. At present, it isnecessary to use approximate over-all manhours-per-poundvalues to estimatelabor costs and associated overhead, which do not permit the type of relativelysophisticated trade-offs required to optimize structural <strong>design</strong>. Forexample, it is difficult to choose between various potential methods ofp~oviding ~equired deck area, such as thick plates, thinner plates withdoublers OF double wall cellular construction. Several qualified shipyardsshould be authorized to evaluate the construction costs of large <strong>aluminum</strong><strong>hull</strong>s in greater detail.MAINTENANCE COSTSEkduced <strong>hull</strong> maintenance costs are a key selling point of <strong>aluminum</strong>,and data is required to more accurately evaluate the life cycle <strong>hull</strong> maintenancecost of an <strong>aluminum</strong>,<strong>hull</strong> <strong>for</strong> comparison to the equivalent steelhtil. This is particularly important as the ships get older, since thecosts of steel <strong>hull</strong> repairs begin to increase rapidly as plate replacementbecomes necessary. The best potential source of long-term <strong>hull</strong> maintenancedata on large <strong>aluminum</strong> <strong>hull</strong>s would be Navy records on the <strong>hull</strong> maintenanceof the PGM gunboat. ‘Thisdata should be closely monitored and periodicallyevaluated by the <strong>Ship</strong> <strong>Structure</strong>s Committee and applicable Navy activities.WELDINGThe technology of welding thick.<strong>aluminum</strong> plates to <strong>for</strong>m subassembliesunder shipyard conditions as well as the erection of subassemblies requiresconsiderable investigation. Areas of particular concern are weld sequence,heat input, edge preparation, speed of welding, required level of cleanlinessand enviro~ent control and quality control required to affect soundwelds with minimum cracking, porosity, inclusions, residual stresses anddistortion. An area of major concern is the possible need to accomplishwelding in a protected environment to maintain adequate control on moistureand cleanliness.FIRE RESISTANCEThe analysis of the fire problem which was conducted <strong>for</strong> this study wasof necessity somewhat limited, and should be extended to include the resultsof the SNAME fire ‘testprogram. Additional economic trade-offs are requiredto optimize the protection of alumin~ <strong>structures</strong> as well as means ofdetecting, extinguishing and preventing fires. Proposed areas to be investigatedin further detail are as follows:
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CONTENTSI.. II.III.Iv.v.VI ●VII.I
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LIST OF FIGURES(Cent’d)FIGURE NO.
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I. INTRODUCTIONThis report summariz
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art in fabricating and maintaining
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MONTEROSSO GRANA /17VALGRANA / CARA
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-8-Numerous references have been re
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.10.TABLE 2. Mechanical Properties
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TABLE 2 Mechanical Properties of Al
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TABLE 3 Mechanical Property Limits
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-16-l?igures5, 6, 7 ati 8 present f
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-18-ti-’”’-”-””””-L
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-20-60 .r---.— ..,.— -——,L-
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.22-each stress level, rate of load
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-24-!Z456-H321 = 0.485083-H321 = 0.
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-26-(c)Members with partial or cont
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-28-AllOyS 5083 and 54.56(~ content
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-30-The previous paragraphs have de
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-32-The problem of cargo hold abras
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-34-The question of residual stress
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.36-Each alloy was given a relative
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-38-GENERAL OBSERVATIONSFYior to a
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-40-The question of comparative imp
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-42-(d)(e)Poor quality welds due to
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-44-The ABS criteria noted above we
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-46-DNV would consider fatigue in e
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-48-is less, for the exposed side s
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Equation (2):-50-Hu1l SMa~um = Hull
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-52-Another aspect of vibrations wh
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-54-000000000Bottom Shell PlateSide
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-56-at the deck and keel. This stre
- Page 68 and 69: -58-AT is the change inUT= Thermal
- Page 70 and 71: -60-SUl@!ARYAll parties contacted f
- Page 72 and 73: -62-(c)(d)(e)(f)T~e exterior side o
- Page 74 and 75: TABLE 12 Aluminum Bulk Carrier - Su
- Page 76 and 77: .66-INSUT.ATION AND SHEATHINGShell8
- Page 78 and 79: -68-(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)At l
- Page 80 and 81: -70-IIF.INSTALLATION OF SYSTEMS AND
- Page 82 and 83: Rudder Assembly -carrier should be
- Page 84 and 85: -74-(b)MechanicalTensile Strength 6
- Page 86 and 87: -76-(e)The steel piping must be of
- Page 88 and 89: -78-Other Piping Systems and Valves
- Page 90 and 91: -80-struetion for the aluminum hull
- Page 92 and 93: -82-Large heavy type machine~ must
- Page 94 and 95: suffers attack in an alkaline envir
- Page 96 and 97: -86-REPAIRSObtaining proper repairs
- Page 98 and 99: -88-The design of the midship s~cti
- Page 100 and 101: -90-assuming the increase is applic
- Page 102 and 103: LIGHT SHIP WEIGHT ESTIMATE-92-In or
- Page 104 and 105: -94-TABLE 20 Aluminum Bulk Carrier
- Page 106 and 107: TABLE 22 Trim and StabilityFull Loa
- Page 108 and 109: -98-TABLE 24 Price of Steel Bulk Ca
- Page 110 and 111: GaseNumber. . . -.,- .TABLE 27 Comp
- Page 112 and 113: -1o2-TABLE 28CarriersComparison of
- Page 114 and 115: 12 ---n..T.[T7%l,=LEGS IU ORF=ErY
- Page 116 and 117: -106-such as iron ore, on two of th
- Page 120 and 121: -11o-(a)(b)(c)(d)Inerting system fo
- Page 122 and 123: -112-fatigue, particularly in the p
- Page 124 and 125: -114-2k* Installation of Systems an
- Page 126 and 127: -116-LIST OF REFERENCES(7)Fatigue P
- Page 128 and 129: -11.8-LLST OF REFERENCES(Cent’d)(
- Page 130 and 131: -120-ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMAT
- Page 132 and 133: -122-redistribution of the still wa
- Page 134 and 135: -124-APPENDIX BEXCERPTS FROMRULES A
- Page 136 and 137: -126-92.07-10(d)(~) Interior stairs
- Page 138 and 139: -128-~gE1+0102030- .. ..—405060
- Page 140 and 141: ectintyclassification4KEYWORDSROLEL
- Page 142: SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE PUBLICATIO