Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Appendix AConstituent DataTable A-2. States Included in the CCW Constituent DatabaseAlaska Illinois MarylandArkansas Indiana MichiganCalifornia Kentucky OhioColorado Missouri OklahomaConnecticut North Carolina PennsylvaniaFlorida North Dakota TennesseeGeorgia Nebraska TexasHawaii New Mexico WisconsinIowa Louisiana West VirginiaThe database also includes data for CCW generated from combustion of all major coalranks: bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite, and anthracite. Although the database does includecoal type designations for most of the entries, in many cases the type is not specified. In addition,many coal plants mix coal from different sources (e.g., eastern and western coals), depending onprices and the need to reduce sulfur levels. As a result, correlations of risk results with coal typesmay be difficult and may not produce significant results.A.2 Data PreparationTable A-3 lists the waste types evaluated in the CCW risk assessment, along with thenumber of sites representing each waste type in the CCW constituent database. Key steps inpreparing these data for risk assessment include (1) selection and grouping of waste types to beaddressed, (2) selection of the analyte data to be used, and (3) processing of these data to developthe analyte concentrations for the screening analysis and full-scale risk assessment.Table A-3. Waste Streams in CCW Constituent DatabaseNumber of Sites by Waste Type aSurfaceWaste TypeWaste StreamsLandfillLeachateImpoundmentPorewater Total WasteConventional Combustion Waste 97 13 62Ash (not otherwise specified) 43 0 30Fly ash 61 2 33Bottom ash & slag 24 3 23Combined fly & bottom ash 7 4 4FGD sludge 4 6 5Codisposed Ash & Coal Refuse 9 5 1Fluidized Bed Combustion Waste 58 0 54Ash (not otherwise specified) 18 0 10Fly ash 33 0 32Bottom and bed ash 26 0 25Combined fly & bottom ash 20 0 22aSite counts by waste type from leachate, porewater, and whole waste data tables in the 2002 CCWconstituent database.April 2010–Draft EPA document. A-3
Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Selection and Grouping of Waste Types of ConcernThe CCW constituent database contains a variety of waste types. Some selection andgrouping of these types was appropriate so that the risk assessment could evaluate risksconsistently for groups of wastes that are expected to behave similarly when disposed in landfillsand surface impoundments.Combustion ash types in the CCW constituent database include fly ash, bottom ash, bedash, slag, combined fly and bottom ash, and coal ash not otherwise specified. Based on astatistical analysis that showed no significant difference in leachate and porewater chemistry, theanalysis combines data for these ash types for landfills and surface impoundments. FGD sludgewas also combined with these conventional combustion ash types based on insignificantdifferences in porewater chemistry and the fact that FGD sludge is usually codisposed withvarying amounts of fly ash and bottom ash.CCW porewater constituent data did show that FBC wastes and codisposed ash and coalrefuse (coal waste from coal crushers and other coal preparation and handling operations 1 ) differsignificantly from coal combustion ash in their composition and leachate chemistry, so thesewastes were addressed separately in the risk analysis. FBC waste chemistry is impacted by thelimestone injected with coal in FBC units for sulfur capture and tends to be very alkaline withhigh levels of calcium and sulfate. Coal refuse is high in pyrite, which generates sulfuric acidwhen disposed. As a result, combustion wastes exhibit a lower pH when codisposed with coalrefuse.A.2.2 Selection of Appropriate Analyte DataCCW analyte concentration data represent leachate from landfills and surfaceimpoundments and whole waste in landfills, as follows:• Whole waste analyte concentrations (in mg/kg) represent landfill waste.• Analyte concentrations (in mg/L) in porewater sampled from surface impoundmentsediments represent surface impoundment leachate.• Analyte concentrations for extracts from leaching methods, analyses of actual landfillleachate, and landfill porewater analyses represent landfill leachate. Because the CCWconstituent database includes analyte concentrations from several leaching methods, adecision hierarchy was used to select leachate analyses to use in the risk assessment(Table A-4).As shown in Table A-4, the methods thought to best represent long-term waste monofillporewater composition (i.e., methods with long equilibration times and low liquid-to-solid ratios)represent only a few sites, with most sites having TCLP and/or SPLP measurements. To bestrepresent CCW landfill waste concentration at a wide variety of sites, the hierarchy rank shownin Table A-4 was used to select the best method for a particular site. For sites where two or more1 Coal refuse is the waste coal produced from coal handling, crushing, and sizing operations. In the CCWconstituent database, codisposed coal refuse includes “combined ash and coal gob”, “combined ash and coalrefuse”, and “combined bottom ash and pyrites”.April 2010–Draft EPA document. A-4
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This draft document has been prepar
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CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
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CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
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CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
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CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
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CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Section 1.0Introduction1.3.2 Exposu
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Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Section 1.0Introduction1.4 Document
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationdata
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationTable
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationsmall
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationFigur
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationonsit
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Section 2.0Problem Formulation2.3 S
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationand C
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationof dr
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Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
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Section 3.0Analysis• The RfD is a
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Section 3.0Analysis3.1.2 Ecological
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Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-5. Scree
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Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
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Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
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Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysis• An in-depth
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationNot
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization90t
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Section 4.0Risk Characterizationbas
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationZer
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.1
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Section 4.0Risk Characterizationund
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationLin
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Page 157 and 158: Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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April 2010-Draft EPA document.[This
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-2: Hydrogeol
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix EAttachment E-3: Intake Ra
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksHu
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksU.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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