Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecological Risk Assessment of Coal Combustion WastesIII from CCW codisposed with coal refuseexceeded an excess cancer risk of 10 -5 , withcancer risks of 1 in 50,000.As shown in Table ES-3, arsenic andcobalt were the constituents with the highestrisks for surface impoundments. Clay-linedsurface impoundments presented 90thpercentile excess cancer risks above 1 in10,000 for arsenic and exceed the HQcriterion of 1 for boron, cadmium, cobalt,molybdenum, and nitrate. Here, arsenic excesscancer risks were as high as 1 in 500, andcobalt had HQs as high as 200. When surfaceimpoundments were unlined, they alsoshowed risk above the HQ criterion for leadand selenium. Here, arsenic excess cancerrisks were as high as 1 in 50, and cobalt hadHQs as high as 500. As seen in Table ES-4,the 50th percentile surface impoundmentresults exceeded a 1 in 100,000 cancer risk forarsenic and only cobalt exceeded an HQ of 1.Here, unlined units had arsenic excess cancerrisks as high as 6 in 10,000 while clay-linedunits had arsenic excess cancer risks as highas 1 in 5,000. Cobalt HQs were as high as 20and 6 for unlined and clay-lined surfaceimpoundments, respectively.For the groundwater-to-drinking-waterpathway, composite liners, as modeled in thisassessment, effectively reduced risks from allconstituents to below a 10 -5 cancer risk or HQof 1 for both landfills and surfaceimpoundments at the 90th and 50thpercentiles.For the groundwater-to-drinking-waterpathway, arrival times of the peakconcentrations at a receptor well are muchlonger for landfills (hundreds or thousands ofyears) than for surface impoundments (mostless than 100 years).For humans exposed via the groundwaterto-surface-water(fish consumption) pathway,unlined and clay-lined surface impoundmentsposed risks above the HQ criterion and anexcess cancer risk of 1 in 100,000 at the 90thpercentile (see Table ES-5). For CCWmanaged alone in surface impoundments,these exceedences came from selenium (HQsof 3 and 2 for unlined and clay-lined units,respectively), while for CCW comanaged withcoal refuse, these exceedences came fromarsenic (3 in 100,000 and 2 in 100,000 excesscancer risks for unlined and clay-lined units,respectively). All 50th percentile surfaceimpoundment risks are below an HQ of 1 andan excess cancer risk of 1 in 100,000. Noconstituents pose risks above these levels forlandfills (including FBC landfills) at the 90thor 50th percentile.Waste type has a much larger effect whenmanaged in surface impoundments than whenmanaged in landfills. In the case of surfaceimpoundments, some constituents presentedhigher risks from CCW managed alone(boron, molybdenum, nitrate, and selenium).However, others presented higher risks whenCCW is comanaged with coal refuse (arsenic,cadmium, cobalt, and lead).The higher risks for surface impoundmentsthan landfills are likely due to higher wasteleachate concentrations and the higherhydraulic head from the impounded liquidwaste. This is consistent with damage casesreporting wet handling as a factor that canincrease risks from CCW management.April 2010–Draft EPA document.ES-5
Executive SummaryHuman and Ecological Risk Assessment of Coal Combustion WastesTable ES-1. Selected a 90th Percentile Risk Results by CCW Type: Landfills,Groundwater-to-Drinking-Water PathwayChemicalConventional CCW – 79 landfills90th Percentile HQ or Cancer Risk Value bUnlined UnitsCancerClay-Lined UnitsComposite-LinedUnitsArsenic III 4E-04 2E-04 0Arsenic V 2E-04 3E-05 0NoncancerAntimony 2 0.8 0Molybdenum 2 0.8 0Thallium 3 2 0Codisposed CCW and Coal Refuse – 41 landfillsCancerArsenic III 5E-04 2E-04 0Arsenic V 4E-04 6E-05 0NoncancerMolybdenum 2 0.6 0Thallium 2 1 0FBC Waste – 7 landfillsCancerArsenic III 3E-05 6E-05 0Arsenic V 2E-05 2E-05 0NoncancerAntimony 0.8 3 0Thallium 1 4 0abValues are presented only for chemicals that exceed an excess cancer risk of 1 in 100,000(arsenic only) or an HQ of 1.Values are HQs for all chemicals except arsenic; arsenic values are cancer risk. Zero resultsindicate that contaminant infiltration rates were too small for the contaminant plume to reachthe receptor during the 10,000-year period of the analysis.April 2010–Draft EPA document.ES-6
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Page 5 and 6: CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
Page 7 and 8: CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
Page 9 and 10: CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
Page 11 and 12: CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
Page 13 and 14: CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
Page 15 and 16: Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
Page 17: Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
Page 25 and 26: Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Page 29 and 30: Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Page 33 and 34: Section 2.0Problem Formulationdata
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Page 49 and 50: Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
Page 51 and 52: Section 3.0Analysis• The RfD is a
Page 53 and 54: Section 3.0Analysis3.1.2 Ecological
Page 55 and 56: Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
Page 57 and 58: Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Page 61 and 62: Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
Page 63 and 64: Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
Page 65 and 66: Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationNot
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization90t
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix AAttachment A-1: Sources o
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Appendix AAttachment A-2: CCW Const
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Table A-3-
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Cr IIIHgAg
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix EAttachment E-3: Intake Ra
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksHu
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksU.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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