Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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CCWTable of Contents3.4.3 Landfill Model Input Parameters ........................................................... 3-243.4.4 Model Outputs ....................................................................................... 3-263.5 Surface Impoundment Model ............................................................................ 3-263.5.1 Conceptual Model .................................................................................. 3-263.5.2 Modeling Approach and Assumptions................................................... 3-283.5.3 Surface Impoundment Model Input Parameters .................................... 3-303.5.4 Surface Impoundment Model Outputs ................................................... 3-323.6 Groundwater Model ........................................................................................... 3-323.6.1 Conceptual Model .................................................................................. 3-323.6.2 Modeling Approach and Assumptions................................................... 3-333.6.3 Model Inputs and Receptor Locations ................................................... 3-343.6.4 Groundwater Model Outputs ................................................................. 3-363.7 Surface Water Models ........................................................................................ 3-363.7.1 Equilibrium Partitioning Model ............................................................. 3-373.7.2 Aquatic Food Web Model ...................................................................... 3-383.7.3 Aluminum Precipitation Model ............................................................. 3-393.8 Human Exposure Assessment ............................................................................ 3-403.8.1 Receptors and Exposure Pathways ........................................................ 3-413.8.2 Exposure Factors .................................................................................... 3-423.8.3 Dose Estimates ....................................................................................... 3-433.9 Risk Estimation .................................................................................................. 3-443.9.1 Human Health Risk Estimation ............................................................. 3-453.9.2 Ecological Risk Estimation .................................................................... 3-464.0 Risk Characterization ....................................................................................................... 4-14.1 Human Health Risks ............................................................................................ 4-24.1.1 Groundwater-to-Drinking-Water Results by Waste Type/WMUScenario.................................................................................................... 4-24.1.2 Groundwater-to-Surface-Water (Fish Consumption) Pathway ............. 4-134.1.3 Results by Liner Type ............................................................................ 4-184.1.4 Constituents Not Modeled in the Full-Scale Assessment ...................... 4-204.1.5 Human Health (Groundwater and Fish Consumption) DamageCase Review ........................................................................................... 4-214.2 Ecological Risks................................................................................................. 4-264.2.1 Direct Surface Impoundment Exposure ................................................. 4-264.2.2 Surface Water Receptors (Full-Scale Analysis) .................................... 4-284.2.3 Sediment Receptors (Full-Scale Analysis) ............................................ 4-304.2.4 Constituents Not Modeled in the Full-Scale Assessment ...................... 4-324.2.5 Ecological Damage Cases ...................................................................... 4-334.3 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................... 4-344.4 Variability and Uncertainty ................................................................................ 4-364.4.1 Scenario Uncertainty .............................................................................. 4-384.4.2 Model Uncertainty ................................................................................. 4-414.4.3 Parameter Uncertainty and Variability .................................................. 4-464.5 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................ 4-575.0 References ........................................................................................................................ 5-1April 2010–Draft EPA document.vi
CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures1-1. Overview of coal combustion waste risk assessment. .......................................................... 1-42-1. Coal combustion plants with onsite waste disposal modeled in CCW risk assessment. ...... 2-72-2. Conceptual site model of CCW risk assessment. ................................................................. 2-82-3. Conceptual site layout for residential groundwater ingestion scenario. ............................. 2-102-4. Conceptual site layout for residential fisher and aquatic ecological risk scenario. ............ 2-113-1. Overview of the Monte Carlo approach. ............................................................................ 3-153-2. Monte Carlo looping structure. ........................................................................................... 3-163-3. Process used to construct the Monte Carlo input database. ................................................ 3-183-4. Conceptualization of a landfill in the landfill source-term model. ..................................... 3-203-5. Schematic cross-section view of surface impoundment. .................................................... 3-273-6. Conceptual model of the groundwater modeling scenario. ................................................ 3-333-7. Schematic plan view showing idealized maximum lateral contaminant plume extentand receptor well location. ............................................................................................. 3-354-1. CCW surface impoundment ecological screening risks: Direct exposure to surfaceimpoundment wastewater. ............................................................................................. 4-284-2. Comparison of CCW leachate data with other leachate data in U.S. EPA (2006c). ......... 4-474-3. CCW mercury concentrations compared with other leachate data. .................................... 4-51List of TablesES-1. Selected a 90th Percentile Risk Results by CCW Type: Landfills, Groundwater-to-Drinking-Water Pathway .............................................................................................. ES-6ES-4. Selected a 50th Percentile Risk Results by CCW Type: SurfaceImpoundments, Groundwater-to-Drinking-Water Pathway ......................................... ES-8ES-5. Selected a 90th Percentile Risk Results by CCW Type: SurfaceImpoundments, Groundwater-to-Surface-Water Pathway ............................................ ES-81-1. Liner Prevalence in EPRI and DOE Surveys ....................................................................... 1-22-1. Waste Streams in CCW Constituent Database ..................................................................... 2-32-2. Toxicity Assessment of CCW Constituents ......................................................................... 2-42-3. Coal Combustion Plants with Onsite CCW WMUs Modeled in the Full-ScaleAssessment ....................................................................................................................... 2-62-4. Receptors and Exposure Pathways Addressed in the Full-Scale CCW Assessment .......... 2-153-1. Human Health Benchmarks Used in the CCW Risk Assessment ........................................ 3-43-2. Ecological Receptors Assessed by Exposure Route and Medium (Surface Water orSediment) ......................................................................................................................... 3-63-3. Ecological Risk Criteria Used for Surface Water and Sediment .......................................... 3-73-4. Exposure Pathways Evaluated In CCW Constituent Screening ......................................... 3-103-5. Screening Analysis Results: Selection and Prioritization of CCW Constituents forFurther Analysis a ............................................................................................................ 3-123-6. CCW Waste Management Scenarios Modeled in Full-Scale Assessment ......................... 3-173-7. Leak Detection System Flow Rate Data Used to Develop Landfill Composite LinerInfiltration Rates ............................................................................................................ 3-233-8. Crosswalk Between EPRI and CCW Source Model Liner Types ...................................... 3-25April 2010–Draft EPA document.vii
Page 2 and 3: This draft document has been prepar
Page 5: CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
Page 9 and 10: CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
Page 11 and 12: CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
Page 13 and 14: CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
Page 15 and 16: Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
Page 25 and 26: Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Page 29 and 30: Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Page 37 and 38: Section 2.0Problem Formulationsmall
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Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-5. Scree
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Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
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Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
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Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysis• An in-depth
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEPA
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEco
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix AAttachment A-1: Sources o
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April 2010-Draft EPA document.[This
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Appendix AAttachment A-2: CCW Const
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Table A-3-
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Cr IIIHgAg
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix EAttachment E-3: Intake Ra
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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