Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Appendix AConstituent Datamethods were available in the same rank (which often occurs for SPLP and TCLP analyses), thescreening analysis used the method with the highest analyte concentrations. This ensured that thedata used in the risk assessment were the best that were available and represent a broad variety ofwaste disposal conditions.Table A-4. Comparison/Hierarchy of Leaching Methods for LandfillsRepresented in CCW Constituent DatabaseMethod (Rank) Description Advantages DisadvantagesLandfill leachate (1) Direct samples of Most representative Low number of sites representedlandfill leachate of leachate chemistryLandfill porewater (1) Direct porewater Most representative Low number of sites representedsamples from landfill of leachate chemistryHigh retention time andlow liquid-to-solid ratio(L:S) methods (2)Waste extractions withlong equilibration times(days to weeks) and lowL:SBetter representationof landfillequilibration timesand L:SLow number of sites representedLow L:S methods (3)Waste extractions withlow L:SBetter representationof landfill L:SLow number of sites represented;equilibrium times relatively shortHigh retention timemethods (3)TCLP (4)SPLP (4)Waste extractions withlong equilibration times(days to weeks)Toxicity CharacteristicLeaching Procedurewaste extractionsSynthetic PrecipitationLeaching Procedure andother dilute water wasteextractionsBetter representationof landfillequilibration timesMost representativein terms of number ofsites, waste typescoveredMore representativein terms of number ofsites, waste typescovered; extractsimilar toprecipitationLow number of sites represented;L:S relatively highHigh L:S (20:1) can dilute leachateconcentrations; short equilibrationtime (18 hours) may not allowequilibrium to develop; Na-acetatebuffer can overestimate leaching forsome constituents (e.g., Pb)High L:S (20:1) can dilute leachateconcentrations; short equilibrationtime (18 hours) may not allowequilibrium to developA.2.3 Development of Waste Constituent ConcentrationsTo allow risk assessment results to be organized by waste constituent and waste type,CCW data were processed to produce a single concentration per waste stream (surfaceimpoundment porewater, landfill leachate, and landfill whole waste), analyte, and site for use inthe risk assessment. Data processing to prepare these analyte concentrations for the CCW riskassessment involved two steps:1. Calculation of average constituent concentrations by site for landfill leachate,surface impoundment porewater, and total ash concentrations. Site averaging avoidspotential bias toward sites with many analyses per analyte. During site averaging, anyseparate waste disposal scenarios occurring at a site (e.g., non-FBC and FBC ash) weretreated as separate “sites” and were averaged independently. This approach is consistentwith that used in the 1998 CCW risk analysis. As in 1998, nondetects were averaged atone-half the reported detection limit.April 2010–Draft EPA document. A-5
Appendix AConstituent Data2. Selection of waste concentrations from site-averaged values. For the Monte Carloanalysis, the analysis randomly selected, by waste type/waste management unit (WMU)scenario, site-averaged leachate concentrations. For landfills, a corresponding total wasteanalysis was pulled from the database or calculated from a constituent-specificrelationship between landfill leachate and total waste analyses.A.3 ResultsAttachment A-2 provides the site-averaged constituent data used (sampled) in the fullscaleCCW risk assessment by waste type/WMU scenario. Attachment A-3 presents summarystatistics, by constituent and WMU type, including the 90th percentile waste concentrations usedin the screening analysis. Attachment A-3 also includes figures (Figures A-3-1 to A-3-3) thatillustrate the differences between site-averaged and non-site-averaged waste concentrations forsurface impoundment porewater (Figure A-3-1), landfill leachate (Figure A-3-2), and total wasteanalyses (Figure A-3-3).A.4 ReferencesU.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Report to Congress: Wastes from theCombustion of Fossil Fuels. EPA 530-5-99-010. Office of Solid Waste and EmergencyResponse, Washington, DC. March.April 2010–Draft EPA document. A-6
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This draft document has been prepar
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CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
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CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
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CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
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CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
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CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Section 1.0Introduction1.3.2 Exposu
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Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Section 1.0Introduction1.4 Document
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationdata
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationTable
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationsmall
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationFigur
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationonsit
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Section 2.0Problem Formulation2.3 S
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationand C
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationof dr
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Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
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Section 3.0Analysis• The RfD is a
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Section 3.0Analysis3.1.2 Ecological
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Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-5. Scree
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Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
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Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
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Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysis• An in-depth
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationNot
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization90t
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Section 4.0Risk Characterizationbas
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationZer
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.1
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Section 4.0Risk Characterizationund
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationLin
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationRis
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Page 157 and 158: Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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April 2010-Draft EPA document.[This
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-2: Hydrogeol
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix EAttachment E-3: Intake Ra
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksHu
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksU.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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