Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.4 Surface Impoundment Operating LifeThe model runs for surface impoundments required a general assumption about the lengthof the operating life for these WMUs. Of the surface impoundments in the EPRI comanagementsurvey, 86 provided responses to questions about both the unit’s opening date and expectedclosure date. From these two dates, an expected operating life for each impoundment could becalculated. An additional 30 impoundments provided an opening date, but no closure date. Onepossible interpretation of these responses is that these facilities do not expect to close in theforeseeable future, corresponding to a very long or indefinite operating life with dredging ofwaste to maintain capacity. Figure B-1 shows the distribution of the calculated operating lives,along with a bar showing the facilities with no closure date.353030252017 17 171510501096531 110 or less 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 80 81 to 90 91 to 100 No closure dateExpected Operating Life (years)Figure B-1. Operating life of impoundments in the EPRI survey.Based on these data, a 75-year operating life was chosen. This value corresponds to the95th percentile of the observed distribution. While the use of a 95th percentile value may appearconservative, if many of the facilities with no closure date do, in fact, plan to operateindefinitely, 75 years would correspond to a much lower percentile in the distribution. Moresignificantly, many CCW surface impoundments close with wastes in place. The selection of 75years minimizes the underestimation of chronic risks for this scenario, given that EPA’sComposite Model for Leachate Migration with Transformation Products (EPACMTP) surfaceimpoundment model assumes clean closure after the operating life.B.5 Above- and Below-Grade GeometryThe model runs for surface impoundments and landfills required general assumptionsabout the geometry of these units with respect to the ground surface (i.e., how much of the unit’sdepth is below grade). The CIBO FBC survey included data on this geometry, so, for FBC units,these data were extracted directly from the database along with the other individual WMU dataApril 2010–Draft EPA document. B-5
Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.g., capacity). The EPRI comanagement survey did not contain data describing above- andbelow-grade geometry. Therefore, for conventional utility coal combustion WMUs, EPAreviewed 17 site-characterization reports published by EPRI (EPRI 1991; 1992; 1994a,b;1996a,b; 1997b-k) and determined an above- versus below-grade geometry for each unitdescribed in those reports based on schematic diagrams and site descriptions. EPA also extracteddata from another CIBO voluntary survey that covered conventional (non-FBC) nonutility coalcombustors. Figures B-2 and B-3 display the distributions of the data thus collected.987654333211100 00% 1 to 25% 26 to 50% 51 to 75% 76 to 99% 100%Percent above gradeFigure B-2. Above- and below-grade geometry for landfills.98876544322111000% 1 to 25% 26 to 50% 51 to 75% 76 to 99% 100%Percent above gradeFigure B-3. Above- and below-grade geometry for impoundments.April 2010–Draft EPA document. B-6
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This draft document has been prepar
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CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
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CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
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CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
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CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
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CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Section 1.0Introduction1.3.2 Exposu
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Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Section 1.0Introduction1.4 Document
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationdata
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationTable
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationsmall
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationFigur
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationonsit
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Section 2.0Problem Formulation2.3 S
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationand C
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationof dr
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Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
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Section 3.0Analysis• The RfD is a
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Section 3.0Analysis3.1.2 Ecological
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Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-5. Scree
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Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
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Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
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Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysis• An in-depth
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationNot
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization90t
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEPA
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEco
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization•
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization•
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-2: Hydrogeol
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix EAttachment E-3: Intake Ra
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksHu
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksU.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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