Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Section 3.0Analysislocated in eastern United States: 23 in the northeastern region, 1 in the mid-Atlantic region, and3 in the southeastern region. Each of the landfill cells is underlain by a geomembrane/geosynthetic clay liner which consists of a high-density polyethylene geomembrane of thicknessbetween 1 and 1.5 mm, overlying a 6-mm composite geosynthetic clay layer consisting of twogeotextile outer layers with a uniform core of bentonite clay to form a hydraulic barrier. Eachliner system is underlain by an LDS.Table 3-7. Leak Detection System Flow Rate Data Used to DevelopLandfill Composite Liner Infiltration RatesCell ID Status Flow Rate (m/y) LocationG228 Operating 2.1E-04 Mid-AtlanticG232 Operating 4.0E-04 NortheastG232 Closed 7.3E-05 NortheastG233 Operating 0 NortheastG233 Closed 0 NortheastG234 Operating 7.3E-05 NortheastG234 Closed 0 NortheastG235 Operating 1.5E-04 NortheastG235 Closed 3.7E-05 NortheastG236 Operating 3.7E-05 NortheastG236 Closed 0 NortheastG237 Operating 7.3E-05 NortheastG238 Operating 0 NortheastG239 Operating 7.3E-05 NortheastG240 Operating 0 NortheastG241 Operating 0 NortheastG242 Operating 0 NortheastG243 Operating 0 NortheastG244 Operating 0 NortheastG245 Operating 0 NortheastG246 Operating 0 NortheastG247 Operating 0 NortheastG248 Operating 0 NortheastG249 Operating 7.3E-05 NortheastG250 Operating 2.2E-04 SoutheastG251 Operating 0 SoutheastG252 Operating 0 SoutheastSource: U.S. EPA (2002a); original data from TetraTech (2001).As described in U.S. EPA (2002b), only a subset of the TetraTech (2001) flow rates wereused to develop the composite liner infiltration rates. LDS flow rates for geomembrane/compacted clay composite-lined landfill cells were not used in the distribution becausecompacted clay liners (including composite geomembrane/compacted clay liners) can releasewater during consolidation and contribute an unknown amount of water to LDS flow, whichmakes it difficult to determine how much of the LDS flow is due to liner leakage versus clayApril 2010–Draft EPA document. 3-23
Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. Also, LDS flow rates from three geomembrane/geosynthetic clay lined-cells werenot used. For one cell, postclosure flow rates were very high, and were more than twice as highas those recorded during the cell’s operating period. Data were not used for two other cellsbecause of inconsistencies with the data for the 27 landfill cells used to develop composite linerinfiltration rates (U.S. EPA, 2002b). The composite liner infiltration rates were specified as anempirically distributed input to the landfill model (see U.S. EPA, 2003a).3.4.2.2 Source Depletion and Mass BalanceFor this assessment, the landfill source-term model represented releases from landfills asa finite source where the mass of a constituent in a landfill is finite and depleted over time byleaching. The landfill source-term model was set as a pulse source, where the leachateconcentration is constant over a prescribed period of time and then goes to zero when theconstituent is depleted from the landfill. A pulse source is appropriate for metals and otherconstituents whose sorption behavior is nonlinear. Because all but one (nitrate/nitrite) of theconstituents addressed in the full-scale analysis were metals, releases from landfills weremodeled as pulse sources.For a pulse source, basic mass balance considerations require leaching from the landfillto stop when all of the constituent mass has leached from the landfill. For the constantconcentration pulse source condition, the pulse duration is given byTSOURCCWASTE × DEPTH × FRACT × CTDENS= (3-1)CZERO × SINFILwhereTSOURC = Pulse duration (yr)CWASTE = Constituent concentration in the waste (mg/kg)DEPTH = Depth of landfill (m)FRACT = Volume fraction of the landfill occupied by the waste (unitless)CTDENS = Waste density (g/cm 3 )CZERO = Initial waste leachate concentration (mg/L)SINFIL = Annual areal infiltration rate (m/yr).The landfill source-term model uses the above relationship to determine the leaching duration.More details regarding the waste concentration and WMU parameters in Equation 3-1 areprovided below and in Appendices A and B.3.4.3 Landfill Model Input ParametersInput parameters required by the landfill source-term model are discussed below.Additional details on how data for these inputs were collected for the CCW risk assessment areprovided in Appendix A for leachate and waste concentrations and Appendix B for landfilldimensions and characteristics.• Landfill Area. The model uses landfill area to determine the area over which infiltrationrate occurs and, along with landfill depth and waste concentration, to calculate the totalApril 2010–Draft EPA document. 3-24
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CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
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CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
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CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
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CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
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CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Page 25 and 26: Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Page 55 and 56: Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix AAttachment A-1: Sources o
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Appendix AAttachment A-2: CCW Const
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Table A-3-
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Cr IIIHgAg
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-3: Climate C
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix EAttachment E-2: Fish Conc
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksU.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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