Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Section 2.0Problem FormulationWaste TypeWaste StreamTable 2-1. Waste Streams in CCW Constituent DatabaseLandfillLeachateLandfillsTotalWaste bSurfaceImpoundmentsPoreWaterConventional CCW 97 62 13Ash (not otherwise specified) 43 30 0Fly ash 61 33 2Bottom ash and slag 24 23 3Combined fly and bottom ash 7 4 4FGD sludge 4 5 6Codisposed Ash & Coal Refuse 9 1 5FBC Waste 58 54 0abAsh (not otherwise specified) 18 10 0Fly ash 33 32 0Bottom and bed ash 26 25 0Combined fly & bottom ash 20 22 0For waste types (shaded rows) the table gives the number of sites; for waste streams(unshaded rows), the table gives the number of samples.Whole waste concentration data.Along with the type of WMU (landfill or surface impoundment), the three waste types inTable 2-1 defined the basic modeling scenarios to be addressed in the full-scale analysis. Tocharacterize these waste types, the CCW constituent database was queried by waste type todevelop the waste concentration data for the constituents and the major ion and pH conditionsused to develop waste-type-specific metal sorption isotherms (see Appendix D for a moreextensive discussion of the development of CCW waste chemistries and metal sorptionisotherms).2.1.1.2 CCW Constituents of Potential ConcernThe CCW constituent database contains data on more than 40 constituents. During thehazard identification step of the CCW risk assessment, constituents of potential concern wereidentified from this list of constituents by searching EPA and other established sources forhuman health and ecological benchmarks (e.g., Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry [ATSDR]; see Section 3.1 and Appendices G and H for a full list of sources). Table 2-2 shows the results of that search for each constituent. Benchmarks were found for 24 chemicalsin the constituent database. The 16 constituents without human health or ecological benchmarkswere not addressed further in the risk analysis. 22 The CCW constituents without human health benchmarks are limited to common elements, ions, and compounds(e.g., iron, magnesium, phosphate, silicon, sulfate, sulfide, calcium, pH, potassium, sodium, carbon, sulfur).These measurements were used to determine overall CCW chemistries modeled in the risk assessment (seeSection 3). Although some of these chemicals or parameters (e.g., pH, sulfate, phosphate, chloride) can pose anecological hazard if concentrations are high enough, they were not addressed in this risk assessment.April 2010–Draft EPA document. 2-3
Section 2.0Problem FormulationTable 2-2. Toxicity Assessment of CCW ConstituentsConstituent CAS ID HHB a EcoB bMetalsAluminum 7429-90-5 Antimony 7440-36-0 Arsenic 7440-38-2 c Barium 7440-39-3 Beryllium 7440-41-7 d Boron 7440-42-8 Cadmium 7440-43-9 d Chromium 7440-47-3 c Cobalt 7440-48-4 Copper 7440-50-8 Iron 7439-89-6Lead 7439-92-1 e Magnesium 7439-95-4Manganese 7439-96-5 Mercury 7439-97-6 Molybdenum 7439-98-7 Nickel 7440-02-0 Selenium 7782-49-2 Silver 7440-22-4 Strontium 7440-24-6 Thallium 7440-28-0 Vanadium 7440-62-2 Zinc 7440-66-6 Inorganic AnionsChloride 16887-00-6Cyanide 57-12-5 Fluoride 16984-48-8 Nitrate/nitrite 14797-55-8/14797-65-0 Phosphate 14265-44-2Silicon 7631-86-9Sulfate 14808-79-8Sulfide 18496-25-8Inorganic CationsAmmonia 7664-41-7 Calcium 7440-70-2pH 12408-02-5Potassium 7440-09-7Sodium 7440-23-5Nonmetallic ElementsCarbon 7440-44-0Sulfur 7704-34-9(continued)April 2010–Draft EPA document. 2-4
Page 2 and 3: This draft document has been prepar
Page 5 and 6: CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
Page 7 and 8: CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
Page 9 and 10: CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
Page 11 and 12: CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
Page 13 and 14: CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
Page 15 and 16: Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
Page 25 and 26: Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
Page 27 and 28: Section 1.0Introduction1.3.2 Exposu
Page 29 and 30: Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Page 49 and 50: Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
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Page 55 and 56: Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix AAttachment A-1: Sources o
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Appendix AAttachment A-2: CCW Const
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Table A-3-
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Cr IIIHgAg
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Appendix EEquationsIf Cwctot > Csol
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Appendix EAttachment E-1: Surface W
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Appendix FHuman Exposure Factorswer
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsBec
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Appendix FHuman Exposure FactorsF.1
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Appendix GHuman Health BenchmarksG.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksH.1.
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksCons
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Appendix HEcological BenchmarksU.S.
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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Bas
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
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Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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