Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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Appendix ICalculation of Health-Based Numbers (HBNs) for CCW Constituent ScreeningAppendix I. Calculation of Health-Based Numbers (HBNs)for CCW Constituent ScreeningManagement of CCW can result incontaminants moving from a waste managementunit (WMU) and contaminating groundwater, andsurface water via groundwater transport from aCCW WMU. Under these scenarios, individualsliving near WMUs may then come into contactwith chemicals via ingestion of contaminateddrinking water or ingestion of fish contaminatedvia chemical uptake and accumulation.Health-based numbers (HBNs) forgroundwater (as drinking water) and surface waterwere used in this analysis to consider risks andhazards to human receptors from chemicals thatare released from CCW management units andKey Features of HBN Calculationsmove through the subsurface. HBNs represent concentrations in environmental media that willnot cause an exceedance of a target cancer risk of 10 -5 or a hazard quotient (HQ) of 1.HBNs calculated for groundwater (mg/L) andsurface water (mg/L)HBNs based on a target cancer risk of 10 -5 anda HQ of 1Groundwater HBNs based on a residentialdrinking water scenarioSurface water HBNs based on a recreationalfisher scenarioAdult and child receptors first exposed at ages3, 8, 15 and 20Exposure factors set at central tendencyvaluesSource size set at the 95th percentile of CCWlandfills.The pathways included in the HBN calculations are summarized in Table I-1. The HBNfor groundwater was based on domestic use of groundwater as drinking water. Surface waterHBNs were based on a recreational fisher scenario in which the receptor was assumed to live at adifferent off-site location and to be exposed only to fish caught recreationally.I.1 MethodologyTable I-1. Pathways Included in HBN CalculationsDrinkingWaterHBN Calculation IngestionGroundwater HBN Surface water HBNFishIngestionAll HBNs considered human receptors exposed to contaminated media and/or food itemsat different ages to take into account changing exposure patterns with age. The specific receptorsconsidered were individuals exposed starting at ages 3, 8, 15, and 20. Depending on the start age,an appropriate exposure duration was selected for each receptor based on residency data. Eachreceptor was exposed for the period of time determined by the exposure duration, and the modelaccounted for changes in exposure patterns as a person ages. All exposure parameters selectedfor this analysis were based on 50th percentile values. Once the cancer risks and HQs werecalculated for each receptor, HBNs were calculated based on total cancer risk, noncancerinhalation, and noncancer ingestion. The most protective HBN (i.e., the lowest across all ageApril 2010–Draft EPA document. I-1
Appendix ICalculation of Health-Based Numbers (HBNs) for CCW Constituent Screeninggroups) was selected. In all cases, the HBN calculations used central tendency exposure factors(e.g., body weight, exposure duration, exposure frequency, consumption rates).The equations used to calculate the HBNs are provided at the end of this appendix; TableI-2 lists the tables of equations by exposure pathway (Tables I-4 through I-8). Data used in theseequations to calculate the CCW HBNs can be found in the other appendices to this report, aswell as in Table I-9, which provides the age cohort–specific human exposure factors used in theHBN calculations.Table I-2. Key to Tables of Equations Used to Calculate HBNsEquation for Fish ConcentrationsI-4 Concentration in Fish at Different Trophic Levels (mg/kg)Equations for Human ExposureI-5 Daily Intake of Contaminant from Consumption of Fish (mg/kg BW/day)I-6 Daily Intake of Contaminant from Consumption of Drinking Water (mg/kg BW/day)Equations for Unit Risk Calculations and Health-based NumbersI-7 Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient Due to Ingestion (unitless)I-8 Health-Based Concentration (mg/L)Groundwater HBNs were based on standard residential exposure assumptions fordrinking water consumption, using equations from (U.S. EPA, 1998a). The surface water HBNswere based on concentrations in fish estimated using an aquatic food chain model; thatmethodology is described in the rest of this section.The methodology used for estimating concentrations in fish was based on EPA’sMethodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Multiple Pathways of Exposure toCombustor Emissions (U.S. EPA, 1998a). An aquatic food chain model was used to estimate theconcentration of constituent that may accumulate in fish. It was assumed for this analysis thatfish are a food source for a recreational fisher. Trophic level three (T3) and four (T4) fish wereconsidered in this analysis. T3 fish are those that consume invertebrates and plankton. T4 fishare those that consume other fish. Most of the fish that humans eat are T4 fish (e.g., salmon,trout, walleye, bass) and medium to large T3 fish (e.g., carp, smelt, perch, catfish, sucker,bullhead, sauger). For metals other than mercury, the calculation of contaminants in fish wasbased on the total concentration of contaminants in the waterbody (i.e., dissolved and suspendedsolids). For mercury, the calculation of contaminants in fish was based on the dissolvedconcentration of methyl mercury in the waterbody.Fish tissue concentrations are dependent on a bioconcentration factor (BCF), which isused to estimate the amount of constituent being transferred from the waterbody into the fishtissue. Specifically, BCFs reflect the ratio between the tissue concentration in fish and theappropriate waterbody concentration. BCFs were developed for each constituent to reflectaccumulation in each trophic level considered. They were also developed to estimate theconcentration in the fish filet versus the total fish. Human receptors consume only the filetportion of the fish, which has a lower lipid content. Because some constituents tend toaccumulate in the fatty tissue, the concentration in the filet portion of the fish is sometimes lowerthan the concentration in the whole fish.April 2010–Draft EPA document. I-2
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This draft document has been prepar
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CCWTable of ContentsTable of Conten
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CCWTable of ContentsList of Figures
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CCWTable of Contents4-22. Summary o
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CCWList of AcronymsAcronymDefinitio
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CCWList of AcronymsApril 2010-Draft
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Executive SummaryHuman and Ecologic
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Section 1.0Introduction1.0 Introduc
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Section 1.0Introduction1.3.2 Exposu
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Section 1.0IntroductionThis methodo
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Section 1.0Introduction1.4 Document
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationdata
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationTable
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationsmall
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Section 2.0Problem FormulationFigur
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationonsit
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Section 2.0Problem Formulation2.3 S
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationand C
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Section 2.0Problem Formulationof dr
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Section 3.0Analysisscale analysis.
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Section 3.0Analysis• The RfD is a
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Section 3.0Analysis3.1.2 Ecological
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Section 3.0AnalysisEcological Risk
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Section 3.0Analysisfor the screenin
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-5. Scree
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Section 3.0Analysisapproximately 30
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Section 3.0Analysisthose input file
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Section 3.0AnalysisCCW Waste TypesC
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Section 3.0Analysis• An in-depth
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Section 3.0Analysisused to determin
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Section 3.0Analysisconsolidation. A
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Section 3.0Analysis3.4.4 Model Outp
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Section 3.0Analysisclogged region o
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Section 3.0Analysissurface impoundm
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Section 3.0Analysisobtained from a
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Section 3.0AnalysisIn the saturated
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Section 3.0Analysis• The receptor
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Section 3.0Analysissediment and por
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Section 3.0AnalysisTable 3-11. Alum
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Section 3.0Analysischild was aged f
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Section 3.0Analysisa per kilogram b
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Section 3.0AnalysisNoncancer risk w
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.0
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationNot
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization90t
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization4.1
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEPA
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Section 4.0Risk CharacterizationEco
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization•
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Section 4.0Risk Characterization•
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Section 5.0ReferencesFinkelman, R.B
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Section 5.0ReferencesU.S. EPA (Envi
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Section 5.0Referenceshttp://www.epa
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Section 5.0ReferencesDisposal of Co
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.1 Data
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Appendix AConstituent DataA.2.1 Sel
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Appendix AConstituent Data2. Select
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Appendix AAttachment A-1: Sources o
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Appendix AAttachment A-2: CCW Const
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Table A-3-
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Appendix A Attachment A-3Cr IIIHgAg
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Appendix A Attachment A-3NO3CNCd, C
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsWas
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Appendix BWaste Management Units•
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Appendix BWaste Management Units(e.
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Log(capacity, cubic yards)Log(area,
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Appendix BWaste Management UnitsB.7
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-1: CCW Dispo
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Appendix BAttachment B-2: CCW WMU D
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Appendix CSite DataWMU and the wate
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-1. Exam
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Appendix CSite Dataeach site, eithe
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Appendix CSite DataBecause EPACMTP
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Appendix CSite DataHydrogeologic Se
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Appendix CSite DataFigure C-2. EPAC
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Appendix CSite DataEPACMTP Climate
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Appendix CSite DataRF1 Reach Types
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Appendix CSite DataTable C-9. Regio
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Appendix CSite DataHydrologicRegion
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Appendix CSite DataClawges, R.M., a
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Appendix CAttachment C-1: Soil Data
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Appendix CAttachment C-2: Hydrogeol
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Appendix CAttachment C-4: Waterbody
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Appendix DMINTEQA2 Nonlinear Sorpti
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Page 373 and 374: Appendix HEcological BenchmarksRisk
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Page 389 and 390: Appendix JChemical-Specific Inputs
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Page 393 and 394: Appendix KScreening Analysis Result
Page 399 and 400: Appendix LTime to Peak Concentratio
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Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - Earthjustice

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