Combining submerged membrane technology with anaerobic and ...

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Chapter 2Material and methodsSummaryIn this chapter, the analytical methods used in this work are described. It comprisesthe conventional parameters used for the wastewater (organic matter, nitrogen andphosphorous compounds, pH, dissolved oxygen, solids and carbon compoundsconcentrations) and the biomass characterisation.Most of the conventional parameters measured in both the liquid and the solid phasesuch as chemical oxigen demand (COD), nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and mixed liquor (totaland volatile) suspended solid (MLTSS and MLVSS) concentrations were determinedfollowing Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1998). Nevertheless, all the procedures are described in detail throughout thischapter.Especial attention is given to the methodology related with the performance of themembrane. Conventional parameters such as flux or permeability are described, but alsotheoretical explanation of the resistance to filtration determination. Moreover, methodologyrelated with the determination of different biopolymers concentration, measured as solublemicrobial products (SMP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), transparentexopolymer particles (TEP) and biopolymer clusters (BPC), is described in detail.The specific analytical methods used in a single part of the work are described in thecorresponding chapters, as well as the corresponding experimental set-up.61
Chapter 22.1. Liquid phaseIn this section, the methods used for the determination of the conventionalparameters of wastewater and sludge are described. For soluble fraction analysis, thesamples were previously filtered using nitrocellulose membrane filters (HA, Millipore) witha pore size of 0.45 μm in order to remove suspended solids.2.1.1. Carbon compounds2.1.1.1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is defined as the amount of a specified oxidantthat reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantity oxidant consumed isexpressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. Because of its unique chemical properties,the dichromate ion is the specified oxidant. A catalyst (silver sulphate) in acid medium isused to improve the oxidation of some organic compounds. After digestion, the remainingunreduced K 2Cr 2O 7 is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate to determine the amount ofK 2Cr 2O 7 consumed, being the amount of oxidable matter calculated in terms of oxygenequivalent. Both ortganic and inorganic components of a sample are subject to oxidation,but in most cases the organic content predominates and is of the greater interest (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1998). The total and soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD t and COD s)were determined following the method described by Soto et al. (1989), which is amodification from the method 5220C of the Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater and Wastewater (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1985). The difference between total andsoluble COD is that COD t is determined using the raw sample, while for COD sdetermination, the sample is previously filtered through nitrocellulose membrane filters(HA, Millipore) with a pore size of 0.45 μm.Reagents preparationa) Standard potassium dichromate digestion solution: 10.216 g of K 2Cr 2O 7and 33 g of HgSO 4 are dissolved in 500 mL of distilled water. Then, 167 mL ofconcentrated H 2SO 4 are added. The solution is cooled to room temperature and,finally, diluted to 1000 mL. A dilution 1:2 of this solution was used for CODconcentration determination below 100 mg·L -1 .62
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTE
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padres Macario y Marisa, les agrade
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2.1.2. Nitrogen compounds 662.1.2.1
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Chapter 4: Combining UASB and MBR f
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Objetivos y resumenEsta tesis se en
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Objetivos y resumenpermeabilidad de
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Objetivos y resumenuno de los pará
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Objetivos y resumenel sistema propu
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Page 34 and 35: Objectives and summaryThis thesis i
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Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1IntroductionSummaryIn this
Page 44 and 45: IntroductionThe combination of memb
Page 46 and 47: IntroductionThe membranes should ha
Page 48 and 49: Introductionof water. Energy saving
Page 50 and 51: number of plants (cum. values)Intro
Page 52 and 53: IntroductionSubmerged MBR system in
Page 54 and 55: Introductionchanges of the foulant
Page 56 and 57: Introductionof 2% NaOH and 0.5% cit
Page 58 and 59: IntroductionFigure 1.8. Posible rel
Page 60 and 61: IntroductionSide-stream MBRs involv
Page 62 and 63: Introductionutilizes the advantages
Page 64 and 65: Introductionmeans of settlers, of s
Page 66 and 67: IntroductionUASB, achieving total n
Page 68 and 69: IntroductionEvenblij, H., van der G
Page 70 and 71: IntroductionMtinch, E.V., Ban, K.,
Page 72: IntroductionYang, S., Yang, F., Fu,
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 2where:M fas: molarity of F
Page 79 and 80: Acetic Acid (mg·L -1 )Chapter 2VFA
Page 81 and 82: N-NO 2-(mg·L -1 )Chapter 22.1.2.2.
Page 83 and 84: N-NO 3-(mg·L -1 )Chapter 2interfer
Page 85 and 86: P-PO 43-(mg·L -1 )Chapter 2Interfe
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 2alkalinity (IA), which is
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 22.2.3. Sludge volumetric i
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 2eq. 2.10eq. 2.11eq. 2.12Th
Page 93 and 94: Carbohydrate (mg·L -1 )Chapter 2In
Page 95 and 96: TEP (mgXG·L -1 )Chapter 22.4.4.4.
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 2Ripley, L.E., Boyle, W.C.,
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 33.1. IntroductionIn recent
Page 101 and 102: Chapter 3same in both modules; tap
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 3phases were varied (table
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 3to time was higher than 10
Page 107 and 108: COD removal (%)Chapter 3120100Perio
Page 109 and 110: DTN and N-NH 4+ (mg·L-1 )DTN and N
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 3operated with high MLTSS c
Page 113 and 114: TMP (kPa)TMP (kPa)TMP (kPa)TMP (kPa
Page 115 and 116: SMP carbohydrates (mg·L -1 )Chapte
Page 117 and 118: Volume (%)Chapter 3Therefore, the c
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 3identical to that of the c
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 3Massé, A. Spérandio, M.,
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Chapter 44.1. IntroductionThe appli
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Chapter 4support were added in this
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Chapter 4This cleaning was performe
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COD (mg·L -1 )COD removal (%)OLR (
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Chapter 4the recirculation ratio be
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(mg·L -1 )Chapter 4and ammonium) n
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Chapter 4recirculation from the MBR
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Chapter 4days 57 (period I) and 316
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Chapter 4excellent COD removal perf
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Chapter 4Rosenberger, S., Evenblij,
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Chapter 55.1. IntroductionAnaerobic
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Chapter 55.3. Material and methods5
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Chapter 5represented an increment o
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Chapter 5operating with similar mem
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Chapter 5behaviour might be related
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Fouling Rate (Pa·min -1 )Fouling R
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Concentration (mg·L -1 )DOC (mg·L
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Chapter 5in table 5.3 showed that h
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Chapter 5Ho, J., Sung, S. 2010. Met
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Chapter 6Denitrification with disso
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Denitrification with dissolved meth
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(mg·L -1 )Denitrification with dis
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DTN effluent (mg·L -1 )CH 4 desorb
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Chapter 7Membrane fouling in an AnM
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Membrane fouling in an AnMBR treati
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OLR and ORR(kgCOD ·m -3·d -1 )pHO
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TEP removed (mg·L -1 )OA removed (
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R col (m -1 )SRF (m·kg -1 )Membran
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BPC, cBPC and TEP concentration(mg
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Cake and Colloidal Resistance (m -1
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Conclusionessentido, el uso de una
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Conclusionesensuciamiento de la mem
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Conclusiónspresenza de soporte de
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Conclusións6. Aplicabilidade e per
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ConclusionsMoreover, biomass concen
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Conclusionstechnology and interesti
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List of symbolsHFHRTHyVABHollow Fib
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List of symbolsFR/J Normalized Foul
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List of publicationsBrand, C., Sán
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List of publicationsConference on E
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