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14.3 HIV PREVALENCE BY OTHER CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO HIV RISKTable 14.8 presents the variation in HIV prevalence with a number of other characteristics relatedto HIV risk among men and women age 15 years and older who ever had sex. As expected, women andmen with a history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or STI symptoms have higher rates of HIVinfection than those with none. For example, among women age 15-49, 54 percent who report having anSTI or STI symptoms are HIV positive, compared with 34 percent of women who did not have an STI orSTI symptoms.Table 14.8 HIV prevalence by other characteristics related to HIV risk: Women and men age 15 and olderPercentage HIV positive among ever sexually active women and men age 15 and older who were tested for HIV,by whether had an STI in the past 12 months and by prior testing for HIV, Swaziland 2006-07Characteristic15-49 years 50 years and older TotalPercentagePercentageHIVHIVpositive 1 Number positive 1PercentageHIVpositive 1NumberWOMENNumberSexually transmitted infection inpast 12 monthsHad STI or STI symptoms 53.6 439 * 10 52.8 449No STI, no symptoms 33.5 2,593 11.3 123 32.5 2,717Don’t know/missing 37.9 608 11.7 451 26.8 1,058Prior HIV testingEver tested 39.8 1,735 24.1 106 38.9 1,841Received results 39.4 1,556 20.4 93 38.4 1,649Did not receive results 42.6 179 * 13 43.1 192Never tested 33.6 1,884 8.9 458 28.8 2,343Missing * 20 * 20 (33.5) 40Total 36.7 3,640 11.7 584 33.2 4,224MENSexually transmitted infection inpast 12 monthsHad STI or STI symptoms 48.4 314 * 11 48.5 325No STI, no symptoms 27.0 1,882 15.6 250 25.7 2,132Don’t know/missing 15.0 375 19.5 133 16.2 509Prior HIV testingEver tested 38.2 625 33.1 80 37.7 705Received results 37.0 575 27.1 66 36.0 641Did not receive results 52.0 50 * 14 54.2 64Never tested 24.5 1,937 14.2 304 23.1 2,241Missing * 9 * 10 * 19Total 27.9 2,571 17.9 394 26.5 2,965TOTALSexually transmitted infection inpast 12 monthsHad STI or STI symptoms 51.4 752 * 21 51.0 774No STI, no symptoms 30.8 4,476 14.2 373 29.5 4,848Don’t know/missing 29.2 983 13.5 584 23.4 1,567Prior HIV testingEver tested 39.4 2,360 28.0 186 38.5 2,546Received results 38.8 2,131 23.2 159 37.7 2,290Did not receive results 44.6 229 (56.8) 26 45.9 256Never tested 29.0 3,821 11.1 763 26.0 4,584Missing (50.0) 29 (10.0) 30 29.8 60Total 33.0 6,211 14.2 978 30.5 7,189Note: Table is based on de facto household members who were interviewed and tested. Figures in parenthesesare based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweightedcases and has been suppressed.1HIV positive refers only to those infected with HIV-1.HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | 233
The uptake of HIV testing in Swaziland remains well below 40 percent in the adult population(see Chapter 13). As might be expected from this finding, women and men who have been tested for HIVhave higher rates of HIV infection than those who have never been tested. For example, 38 percent ofmen who have been tested for HIV are positive, compared with 25 percent of men who have never beentested.Table 14.9 provides further information on the relationship between prior HIV testing and theHIV status of women and men in Swaziland. The results suggest that the majority (61 percent) ofindividuals who are HIV positive are not aware of their status. Among those infected with the virus,women are much more likely to have been tested previously than are men (56 percent and 71 percent,respectively).Table 14.9 Prior HIV testing by current HIV statusPercent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by HIV testing status prior to the survey, according towhether HIV positive or negative, Swaziland 2006HIV testing priorto the surveyHIVpositive 115-49 years 50 years and older TotalHIVnegativeHIVpositive 1HIVnegativeHIVpositive 1HIVnegativeWOMENPreviously tested, received result oflast test 44.0 31.9 27.7 14.2 43.2 29.3Previously tested, did not receiveresult of last test 6.6 4.0 9.5 1.3 6.7 3.6Not previously tested 48.6 63.8 59.8 80.9 49.1 66.3Missing 0.8 0.3 3.0 3.5 0.9 0.8Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number 1,378 3,046 69 520 1,446 3,565MENPreviously tested, received result oflast test 28.8 13.2 24.8 14.6 28.5 13.3Previously tested, did not receiveresult of last test 3.5 1.1 11.8 1.6 4.2 1.1Not previously tested 67.2 85.0 62.1 81.1 66.8 84.6Missing 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.8 0.5 1.0Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number 741 3,022 72 330 813 3,352TOTALPreviously tested, received result oflast test 38.7 22.6 26.2 14.4 37.9 21.6Previously tested, did not receiveresult of last test 5.5 2.6 10.7 1.4 5.8 2.4Not previously tested 55.1 74.3 61.0 81.0 55.5 75.2Missing 0.7 0.5 2.2 3.2 0.8 0.9Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number 2,119 6,068 141 850 2,260 6,9171HIV positive refers only to individuals infected with HIV-1.234 | HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors
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12.1.3 Prompt Treatment of Fever in
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 13.8.1 Multiple sexual partne
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Figure 16.1 Number of Decisions in
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PREFACEThis detailed report present
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of family
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laria is also seasonal, occurring m
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xxviii | Map of Swaziland
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Because of the anonymous nature of
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HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING2CH
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given. Households in Swaziland are
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Table 2.3.2 Educational attainment
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Table 2.4 shows that for both boys
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The dropout rates are higher for bo
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2.4.2 Household Sanitation Faciliti
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Table 2.8—ContinuedHousingHouseho
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Table 2.10 Household possessionsPer
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Table 2.11 presents the percentage
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Table 3.1.1 Background characterist
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3.2 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY BACKG
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women 15-49Pe
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Table 3.3.4 Literacy: Older adults
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Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media:
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The pattern of exposure to mass med
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 3.5.2 Employment status: Men
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3.6 OCCUPATIONRespondents who were
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Table 3.6.3 shows the percent distr
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Six in ten women and 72 percent of
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for women in the age group 30-34 (1
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Nonetheless, the results in Table 4
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4.6 BIRTH INTERVALSA birth interval
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Overall, 6 percent of women age 25-
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There are notable regional differen
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Table 5.1 Knowledge of contraceptiv
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62 | Family PlanningTable 5.3.1 Eve
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Table 5.3.2 Ever use of contracepti
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Figure 5.2 compares the modern cont
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9080706050403020100Figure 5.3 Contr
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Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
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consistent, asking informants in th
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Table 5.13 Informed choiceAmong cur
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5.14 PREFERRED METHOD OF CONTRACEPT
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Table 5.17.2 Exposure to family pla
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Table 5.19 Husband/partner's knowle
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OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FER
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Table 6.2 Polygyny: Women and men a
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Table 6.4 Age at first marriage: Wo
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Eleven percent of women age 25-49 h
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The data for men show a different p
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Table 6.10.2 Recent sexual activity
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Women who gave birth three years pr
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7Dudu Dlamini
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Table 7.2.1 Desire to limit childbe
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Overall, unmet need does not vary i
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7.5 MEAN IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN B
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The total wanted fertility rate and
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Tables C.4-C.6 in Appendix C can be
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Figure 8.2 Neonatal, Postneonatal,
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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common single high-risk category is
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Table 9.1 Antenatal care providerPe
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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While older women of higher parity
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Table 9.6 Assistance during deliver
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Table 9.7 Timing of first postnatal
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accessing health services. Other li
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10.2.1 Collection of DataThe 2006-0
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PercentFigure 10.1 Trend in Vaccina
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Table 10.4 presents the proportions
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Table 10.5 Prevalence of diarrhoeaP
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Antibiotics and other medications a
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10.5 KNOWLEDGE OF ORS PACKETSAs dis
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NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS 11
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Table 11.1—ContinuedBackgroundcha
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during the first three days after b
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SDHS by asking mothers about the fo
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Table 11.4 Median duration and freq
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The results in Table 11.5 document
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Figure 11.2 Percentage of Children
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years and above. Severe anaemia, wh
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Table 11.8.2—ContinuedBackgroundc
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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iodized salt. Manzini had the lowes
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directly related to household wealt
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The results in Table 11.12.2 indica
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11.12 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG MO
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MALARIA AND OTHER HEALTH ISSUES 12A
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Tables 12.2 and 12.3 provide inform
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Table 12.4 provides information on
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12.1.4 Indoor Residual SprayingIndo
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Slightly less than two-thirds of me
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Table 12.9.2 Health insurance cover
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Page 207 and 208: Table 13.2 Knowledge of HIV prevent
Page 209 and 210: Table 13.3.1 Comprehensive knowledg
Page 211 and 212: Table 13.4 shows that a relatively
Page 213 and 214: Table 13.5.2 Accepting attitudes to
Page 215 and 216: 13.6 ATTITUDES TOWARDS CONDOM EDUCA
Page 217 and 218: Table 13.8.2 Multiple sexual partne
Page 219 and 220: Consistent use of condoms requires,
Page 221 and 222: Table 13.11.2 Coverage of prior HIV
Page 223 and 224: Table 13.13 Pregnant women counsell
Page 225 and 226: 100Figure 13.1 Women and Men Seekin
Page 227 and 228: administered injections with a syri
Page 229 and 230: 13.11.2 Knowledge of Condom Sources
Page 231 and 232: Table 13.20 Condom use at first sex
Page 233 and 234: Table 13.22.1 Higher-risk sexual in
Page 235 and 236: wealth quintile, especially among w
Page 237 and 238: 13.11.9 HIV Testing and Counselling
Page 239 and 240: Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
Page 241 and 242: Table 14.2 Coverage of HIV testing
Page 243 and 244: Looking at the age pattern, Table 1
Page 245 and 246: The HIV epidemic also exhibits some
Page 247 and 248: Table 14.6.1 HIV prevalence by demo
Page 249 and 250: As expected, men who sleep away fro
Page 251 and 252: Table 14.7.2 HIV prevalence by sexu
Page 253: Table 14.7.3 HIV prevalence by sexu
Page 257 and 258: Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by backg
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Page 261 and 262: Of the 25,594 siblings reported in
Page 263 and 264: The results in Table 15.3 indicate
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Page 267 and 268: Older women and women with more chi
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.3 Women's control over the
Page 271 and 272: Figure 16.1 Number of Decisions in
Page 273 and 274: Differentials by region and wealth
Page 275 and 276: Table 16.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 277 and 278: There are small differences by back
Page 279 and 280: Table 16.9 Current use of contracep
Page 281 and 282: Table 16.11 Reproductive health car
Page 283 and 284: ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 17A
Page 285 and 286: Table 17.2 Orphans and vulnerable c
Page 287 and 288: There is only a minor difference in
Page 289 and 290: Table 17.6 Underweight orphans and
Page 291 and 292: 17.8 WIDOWS DISPOSSESSED OFPROPERTY
Page 293 and 294: 17.10 EXTERNAL SUPPORT FOR ORPHANS
Page 295 and 296: 18.1 CAREGIVERTable 18.1 shows the
Page 297 and 298: Some parents or guardians take the
Page 299 and 300: Girls and boys age 12-14 were asked
Page 301 and 302: Figure 18.2 shows the percentage of
Page 303 and 304: Table 18.7 Exposure to information
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Table 18.9 Places for information a
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18.7 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS HELP LIN
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When asked if they had discussed th
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REFERENCESAuvert, B., D. Taljaard,
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAppendix ATabl
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Table A.3 Sample implementation: Gi
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: Wo
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORSAppendi
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Sampling errors are analyzed for tw
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Table B.1—Continued--------------
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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EFFECT OF NONRESPONSE ON THESDHS HI
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2006-07SWAZ
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Mr. Musa DlaminiMr. Patrick Makhubu
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2006 SWAZILAND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEAL
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LINENO.IF AGE 18-59YEARSIF AGE 0-17
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LINENO.IF AGE 5 YEARS OR OLDERIF AG
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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1ST SICK PERSON 2ND SICK PERSON 3RD
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NAME 1ST DEATH NAME 2ND DEATH NAME
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405 RECORD NAMES, LINE NUMBERS AND
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CONSENT STATEMENT FOR ANAEMIA FOR C
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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CONSENT STATEMENT FOR ANAEMIA TEST
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HAEMOGLOBIN MEASURE
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WOMAN 4 WOMAN 5 WOMAN 6524 LINE NUM
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We are asking children like you to
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HAEMOGLOBIN MEASURE
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MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3544 LINE NUMBER LI
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211 Now I would like to record the
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION301 Now I w
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY, POSTNATAL CAR
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO- SECOND-FROM-LAS
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SECTION 5. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH, AN
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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SECTION 6. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 9. HIV/AIDSNO. QUESTIONS AN
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SECTION 10. OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
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SECTION 12. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. Q
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INSTRUCTIONS:ONLY ONE CODE SHOULD A
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION301 Now I w
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONSTO BE FIL
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUNDI
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SECTION 2. CARE AND PROTECTIONNO. Q
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SECTION 4. KNOWLEDGE OF AIDSNO. QUE
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUNDI
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SECTION 4. HIV/AIDSNO. QUESTIONS AN
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SECTION 5. OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITT
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