Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology.pdf

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xii Contents Carbon and Nutrient Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Streams and Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Carbon and Nutrient Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Chapter 11 Trophic Dynamics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Plant-Based Trophic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Controls over Energy Flow Through Ecosystems . . . . 246 Ecological Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Food Chain Length and Trophic Cascades . . . . . . . . . . 257 Seasonal Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Nutrient Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Detritus-Based Trophic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Integrated Food Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Mixing of Plant-Based and Detritus-Based Food Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Food Web Complexities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Chapter 12 Community Effects on Ecosystem Processes Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Species Effects on Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Species Effects on Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Species Effects on Disturbance Regime . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Species Interactions and Ecosystem Processes . . . . . . . . 273 Diversity Effects on Ecosystem Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Part III Patterns Chapter 13 Temporal Dynamics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Fluctuations in Ecosystem Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Interannual Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Long-Term Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Contents xiii Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Disturbance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Ecosystem Structure and Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Carbon Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Nutrient Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Trophic Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Water and Energy Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Temporal Scaling of Ecological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Chapter 14 Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Dynamics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Concepts of Landscape Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Causes of Spatial Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 State Factors and Interactive Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Community Processes and Legacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Interactions Among Sources of Heterogeneity . . . . . . 311 Patch Interactions on the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Topographic and Land-Water Interactions . . . . . . . . . 314 Atmospheric Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Movement of Plants and Animals on the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Disturbance Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Human Land Use Change and Landscape Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Extensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Spatial Heterogeneity and Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Part IV Integration Chapter 15 Global Biogeochemical Cycles Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 The Global Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Long-Term Change in Atmospheric CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Anthropogenic Changes in the Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . 339 Terrestrial Sinks for CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 The Global Methane Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Page 1 and 2: F. Stuart Chapin III Pamela A. Mats
Page 3 and 4: Preface Human activities are affect
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Contents ix Changes in Storage . .
Page 9: Contents xi Root Uptake Properties
Page 13 and 14: 1 The Ecosystem Concept Ecosystem e
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1. Examples of ecosystems
Page 17 and 18: Community ecology Population ecolog
Page 19 and 20: ing from biotically driven changes
Page 21 and 22: The pool sizes and rates of cycling
Page 23 and 24: and alters patterns of vegetation d
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.5. Direct and indirect eff
Page 27 and 28: many aspects of ecology, hydrology,
Page 29 and 30: Energy (W m -2 ) 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ab
Page 31 and 32: The Atmospheric System Atmospheric
Page 33 and 34: ecular O2 to form O3. The absorptio
Page 35 and 36: Hadley cell Hadley cell Ferrell cel
Page 37 and 38: early sailors as the doldrums. Subs
Page 39 and 40: phere, extends to depths of 75 to 2
Page 41 and 42: tures in Great Britain and western
Page 43 and 44: when the water vapor condenses to f
Page 45 and 46: Solar flux 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.16. Time course of the ave
Page 49 and 50: Radiative forcing (W m -2 ) Warming
Page 51 and 52: January September Sun March pattern
Page 53 and 54: access to light compete effectively
Page 55 and 56: the top? How does each of these atm
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Page 59 and 60: Organic carbon (%) Erosion likely g
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erosion dominating on steep hillslo
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conductivity of soils. Groundwater
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chemical weathering through their c
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Although most of the transfers in s
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leached material from above, it is
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opment, so these soils have weak de
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y roots and bacteria are important
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Table 3.4. Sequence of H + - consum
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new chemical conditions cause them
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72 4. Terrestrial Water and Energy
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98 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial E
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100 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial
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124 6. Terrestrial Production Proce
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152 7. Terrestrial Decomposition So
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154 7. Terrestrial Decomposition su
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156 7. Terrestrial Decomposition a
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158 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Ma
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160 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Re
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162 7. Terrestrial Decomposition cy
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164 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Ma
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166 7. Terrestrial Decomposition li
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168 7. Terrestrial Decomposition ar
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170 7. Terrestrial Decomposition R
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172 7. Terrestrial Decomposition LO
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174 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Me
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8 Terrestrial Plant Nutrient Use In
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178 8. Terrestrial Plant Nutrient U
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198 9. Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling
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10 Aquatic Carbon and Nutrient Cycl
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226 10. Aquatic Carbon and Nutrient
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11 Trophic Dynamics Introduction Al
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246 11. Trophic Dynamics People, fo
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248 11. Trophic Dynamics Consumptio
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250 11. Trophic Dynamics Plant defe
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252 11. Trophic Dynamics Biomass Te
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254 11. Trophic Dynamics promote ra
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256 11. Trophic Dynamics eating rat
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258 11. Trophic Dynamics 4 th 3 rd
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260 11. Trophic Dynamics terrestria
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262 11. Trophic Dynamics R R trophi
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264 11. Trophic Dynamics food chain
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266 12. Community Effects on Ecosys
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282 13. Temporal Dynamics An emergi
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284 13. Temporal Dynamics Small rod
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286 13. Temporal Dynamics regime (H
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288 13. Temporal Dynamics successio
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290 13. Temporal Dynamics Stage Lif
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292 13. Temporal Dynamics that redu
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294 13. Temporal Dynamics Soil carb
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296 13. Temporal Dynamics Nutrient
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298 13. Temporal Dynamics are aband
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300 13. Temporal Dynamics leaf area
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302 13. Temporal Dynamics account f
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304 13. Temporal Dynamics 6. How do
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306 14. Landscape Heterogeneity and
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15 Global Biogeochemical Cycles The
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tion of surface waters. On daily to
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Crowley 1995). An improved understa
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therefore limits the long-term rate
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important for understanding the rec
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Terrestrial N fixation (Tg yr -1 )
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The addition of limiting nutrients
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has a significant atmospheric compo
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cled. Evaporation and precipitation
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Figure 15.11. Trends in (A) world p
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which cycles are soil pools and flu
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Our use, mismanagement, and uninten
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mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing mutu
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Major human impacts on the natural
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promote long-term sustainability of
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Coral reef ecosystems have recently
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Table 16.3. Examples of services pr
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anthropogenic change and to sustain
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Abbreviations an nutrient productiv
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Abbreviations 373 NEE net ecosystem
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Glossary A horizon. Uppermost miner
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Biomass. Quantity of living materia
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Coriolis effect. Tendency, due to E
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Exoenzyme. Enzyme that is secreted
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Inceptisol. Soil order characterize
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Microbial loop. Microbial food web
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Phototroph. Nitrogen-fixing microor
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simply to the greater number of spe
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Sun leaf. Leaf that is acclimated t
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Color Plate I monthly averages of t
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Plate 3. The global pattern of net
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