Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology.pdf

304 13. Temporal Dynamics
6. How do trophic dynamics change through
succession? Why?
7. How do water and energy exchange change
through succession? What explains these
patterns?
8. What are the major issues to consider in
extrapolating information from one temporal
scale to another? Describe ways in
which this temporal extrapolation might be
done.
Additional Reading
Bazzaz, F.A. 1996. Plants in Changing Environments.
Linking Physiological, Population, and Community
Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Bormann, F.H., and G.E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and
Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag,
New York.
Chapin, F.S. III, L.R. Walker, C.L. Fastie, and L.C.
Sharman. 1994. Mechanisms of primary succession
following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Ecological Monographs 64:149–175.
Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of
the Development of Vegetation. Publication 242.
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington,
DC.
Connell, J.H., and R.O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of
succession in natural communities and their role
in community stability and organization. American
Naturalist 111:1119–1114.
Crocker, R.L., and J. Major. 1955. Soil development
in relation to vegetation and surface age at Glacier
Bay, Alaska. Journal of Ecology 43:427–448.
Fastie, C.L. 1995. Causes and ecosystem consequences
of multiple pathways of primary succession
at Glacier Bay,Alaska. Ecology 76:1899–1916.
Vitousek, P.M., and W.A. Reiners. 1975. Ecosystem
succession and nutrient retention: A hypothesis.
BioScience 25:376–381.
Vitousek, P.M., L.R. Walker, L.D. Whiteaker, D.
Mueller-Dombois, and P.A. Matson. 1987. Biological
invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem
development in Hawaii. Science 238:802–804.
Zimov, S.A., V.I. Chuprynin, A.P. Oreshko, F.S.
Chapin III, J.F. Reynolds, and M.C. Chapin. 1995.
Steppe-tundra transition: An herbivore-driven
biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene.
American Naturalist 146:765–794.