Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology.pdf

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nitrate. Nitrate absorption is often important, however, because of its high mobility. There is an inevitable trade-off between the maximum rate of nutrient investment in new growth and the efficiency with which nutrients are used to produce biomass. Plants produce biomass most efficiently per unit of nutrient under nutrient-limiting conditions. Nutrient use efficiency is maximized by prolonging tissue longevity—that is, by reducing the rate at which nutrients are lost. Senescence is the major avenue by which nutrients are lost from plants. Plants minimize loss of growth-limiting nutrients by resorbing about half of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from a leaf before it is shed. About 15% of the annual nutrient return from aboveground plant parts to the soil comes as leachates, primarily as through-fall that drips from the canopy. Herbivores can also be important avenues of nutrient loss because they preferentially feed on nutrient-rich tissues and consume these tissues before resorption can occur. For these reasons plants lose more than twice as much nutrients per unit of biomass to herbivores than through senescence. Other factors that cause occasional large nutrient losses from vegetation include disturbances (e.g., fire and wind) and diseases that kill plants. Review Questions 1. Mass flow, diffusion, and root interception are three processes that deliver nutrients to the root surface. Describe the mechanism by which each process works. What is the relative importance of these three processes in providing nutrients to plants? How does soil fertility influence the relative importance of these processes? 2. How do soil and plant properties influence rates of diffusion and mass flow? How can the plant maximize these transport processes? 3. What is the major mechanism by which plants get nutrients into the plant, once they have arrived at the root surface? 4. How do plants compensate for (a) low availability of all nutrients, (b) spatial variability in nutrients within the soil (localized Additional Reading 195 hot spots), and (c) imbalance between nutrients required by plants (e.g., nitrogen vs. phosphorus availability)? 5. What is the rhizosphere? How do plants influence the rhizosphere? 6. How does plant growth rate affect nutrient uptake? 7. What are the major mechanisms by which mycorrhizae increase nutrient uptake by plants? Under what circumstances are mycorrhizae most strongly developed? 8. What are the major processes involved in converting nitrogen from nitrate to a form that is biochemically useful to the plant? Why is nitrogen acquisition by plants so energetically expensive? 9. Why are nitrogen and carbon flows in plants so tightly linked? What happens to nutrient uptake when carbon gain is restricted? What happens to carbon gain when nutrient uptake is restricted? What are the mechanisms by which these adjustments occur? 10. What is nitrogen use efficiency? What are the physiological causes of differences in NUE, and what are the ecosystem consequences? 11. Why do all aquatic and terrestrial plants tend to show a similar balance of nutrients (the Redfield ratio)? How can you use this information to estimate which nutrient is most strongly limiting to plants in a particular site? 12. What are the major differences in types of species that occur in fertile vs. infertile soils? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each plant strategy in each soil type? 13. What are the major avenues of nutrient loss from plants? How do all plants minimize this nutrient loss? What are the major adaptations that minimize nutrient loss from plants that are adapted to infertile soils? Additional Reading Aerts, R. 1995. Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: Are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology 84:597–608.
196 8. Terrestrial Plant Nutrient Use Chapin, F.S. III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:233–260. Hobbie, S.E. 1992. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:336–339. Ingestad, T., and G.I. Ågren. 1988. Nutrient uptake and allocation at steady-state nutrition. Physiologia Plantarum 72:450–459. Nye, P.H., and P.B. Tinker. 1977. Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System. University of California Press, Berkeley. Read, D.J. 1991. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia 47:376–391. Vitousek, P.M. 1982. Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency. American Naturalist 119:553– 572.
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F. Stuart Chapin III Pamela A. Mats
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Preface Human activities are affect
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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Contents ix Changes in Storage . .
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Contents xi Root Uptake Properties
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Contents xiii Disturbance . . . . .
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1 The Ecosystem Concept Ecosystem e
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Figure 1.1. Examples of ecosystems
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Community ecology Population ecolog
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ing from biotically driven changes
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The pool sizes and rates of cycling
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and alters patterns of vegetation d
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Figure 1.5. Direct and indirect eff
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many aspects of ecology, hydrology,
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Energy (W m -2 ) 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ab
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The Atmospheric System Atmospheric
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ecular O2 to form O3. The absorptio
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Hadley cell Hadley cell Ferrell cel
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early sailors as the doldrums. Subs
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phere, extends to depths of 75 to 2
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tures in Great Britain and western
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when the water vapor condenses to f
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Solar flux 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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Figure 2.16. Time course of the ave
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Radiative forcing (W m -2 ) Warming
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January September Sun March pattern
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access to light compete effectively
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the top? How does each of these atm
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(Dokuchaev 1879, Jenny 1941, Amunds
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Organic carbon (%) Erosion likely g
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erosion dominating on steep hillslo
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conductivity of soils. Groundwater
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chemical weathering through their c
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Although most of the transfers in s
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leached material from above, it is
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opment, so these soils have weak de
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y roots and bacteria are important
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Table 3.4. Sequence of H + - consum
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new chemical conditions cause them
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72 4. Terrestrial Water and Energy
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98 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial E
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100 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial
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124 6. Terrestrial Production Proce
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246 11. Trophic Dynamics People, fo
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248 11. Trophic Dynamics Consumptio
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250 11. Trophic Dynamics Plant defe
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252 11. Trophic Dynamics Biomass Te
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254 11. Trophic Dynamics promote ra
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256 11. Trophic Dynamics eating rat
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258 11. Trophic Dynamics 4 th 3 rd
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260 11. Trophic Dynamics terrestria
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262 11. Trophic Dynamics R R trophi
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264 11. Trophic Dynamics food chain
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266 12. Community Effects on Ecosys
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282 13. Temporal Dynamics An emergi
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284 13. Temporal Dynamics Small rod
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286 13. Temporal Dynamics regime (H
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288 13. Temporal Dynamics successio
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290 13. Temporal Dynamics Stage Lif
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292 13. Temporal Dynamics that redu
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294 13. Temporal Dynamics Soil carb
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296 13. Temporal Dynamics Nutrient
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298 13. Temporal Dynamics are aband
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300 13. Temporal Dynamics leaf area
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302 13. Temporal Dynamics account f
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304 13. Temporal Dynamics 6. How do
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306 14. Landscape Heterogeneity and
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15 Global Biogeochemical Cycles The
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tion of surface waters. On daily to
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Crowley 1995). An improved understa
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therefore limits the long-term rate
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important for understanding the rec
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Terrestrial N fixation (Tg yr -1 )
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The addition of limiting nutrients
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has a significant atmospheric compo
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cled. Evaporation and precipitation
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Figure 15.11. Trends in (A) world p
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which cycles are soil pools and flu
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Our use, mismanagement, and uninten
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mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing mutu
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Major human impacts on the natural
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promote long-term sustainability of
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Coral reef ecosystems have recently
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Table 16.3. Examples of services pr
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anthropogenic change and to sustain
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Abbreviations an nutrient productiv
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Abbreviations 373 NEE net ecosystem
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Glossary A horizon. Uppermost miner
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Biomass. Quantity of living materia
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Coriolis effect. Tendency, due to E
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Exoenzyme. Enzyme that is secreted
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Inceptisol. Soil order characterize
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Microbial loop. Microbial food web
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Phototroph. Nitrogen-fixing microor
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simply to the greater number of spe
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Sun leaf. Leaf that is acclimated t
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Color Plate I monthly averages of t
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Plate 3. The global pattern of net
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