Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology.pdf

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372 Abbreviations Fherbiv consumption of plants by animals K degrees Kelvin Flateral lateral flux of carbon into or out of K equilibrium constant; shortwave an ecosystem radiation Fleach flux of carbon from an ecosystem Kin incoming shortwave radiation to groundwater by leaching Km affinity of roots for phosphorus Fmicro-anim consumption of microbial biomass Kout outgoing shortwave radiation by animals kg kilogram (10 Fn component of the gravitational force that is normal to the slope and therefore contributes to friction that resists erosion Fp component of the gravitational force that is parallel to the slope and therefore drives erosion Fpl-fire flux from plants to the atmosphere due to combustion during fires Fpl-soil flux from plants to soil Fsoil-fire flux of carbon from dead organic matter to the atmosphere due to combustion during fires Ft total gravitational force FPAR fraction of photosynthetically active radiation FPOM fine particulate organic matter g gram g gravitational acceleration G ground heat flux GBRMPA Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority GIS geographic information system GPP gross primary production h hour h height (m) H sensible heat flux H herbivore HNLC high-nitrogen, low-chlorophyll I irradiance at any point in the canopy I0 irradiance at the top of the canopy Imax maximum uptake rate In quantity of energy or material ingested by trophic level n ICDP integrated conservation and ITCZ development project intertropical convergence zone J joule Jp rate of water flow through plants Js rate of water flow through the soil k extinction coefficient; decomposition constant 3g) kJ kilojoule (103 J) km kilometer (103 m) kPa kilopascal (103 Pa) L longwave radiation; latent heat of vaporization L liter l length Lin incoming longwave radiation Lout outgoing longwave radiation Lp hydraulic conductivity of plant xylem Ls hydraulic conductivity of soil Lt litter mass at time t L0 litter mass at time zero LAI leaf area index LE latent heat flux LUE light use efficiency m meter m mass M microbivore angular momentum Ma Mes mesophyll Mg megagram (106 g) mg milligram (10-3g) MJ megajoule (106 J) mL milliliter (10-3L) mm millimeter (10-3m) MPa megapascal (106 Pa) MRT mean residence time N north n sample size Navail available nutrients nitrogen; available NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (in its oxidized form) NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinu- NAO cleotide phosphate (in its reduced form) North Atlantic oscillation NBP net biome production NDVI normalized difference vegetation index
Abbreviations 373 NEE net ecosystem exchange of CO2 between the ecosystem and the atmosphere NEEdark net ecosystem exchange measured in the dark NEElight net ecosystem exchange measured in the light NEP net ecosystem production NIR near infrared radiation nm nanometer (10-9m) nmol nanomole (10-9mole) NOx nitric oxides in general (includes NO and NO2) N : P nitrogen to phosphorus ratio NPP net primary production NUE nitrogen use efficiency O organic Oa highly decomposed organic horizon of soil Oe moderately decomposed organic horizon of soil Oi slightly decomposed organic horizon of soil P pressure; precipitation P production Parea photosynthetic rate (per unit leaf area) Pmass photosynthetic rate (per unit leaf mass) Pa pascal PAR photosynthetically active radiation PBL planetary boundary layer PCB polychlorinated biphenyl (an industrial class of compounds containing chlorine) PEP phosphoenolpyruvate Pg pedagram (1015 g) pH negative log of H + r radius R runoff; radiation; respiration R regolith; universal gas constant R* phosporus uptake threshold Ranimal animal respiration Recosyst ecosystem respiration Rgrowth growth respiration Rheterotr heterotrophic respiration Rion respiration associated with ion uptake Rmi mitochondrial respiration Rmicrob microbial respiration Rmaint maintenance respiration Rnet net radiation Rplant plant respiration Rsam isotope ratio of a sample Rstd isotope ratio of a standard Re Reynolds number RH relative humidity Rubisco ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase RuBP ribulose-bis-phosphate s second S heat storage by a surface S water storage by an ecosystem; south SE standard error SLA specific leaf area SOM soil organic matter SRL specific root length t time tr residence time T temperature; transpiration rate; absolute temperature TEM Terrestrial Ecosystem model Tg teragram (10 activity PNA Pacific North America pattern POC particulate organic carbon PON particulate organic nitrogen ppmv parts per million by volume ppt parts per thousand Prodn production by trophic level n Prodn-1 Production at the preceeding tropic level Q10 proportional increase in the rate of a process with a 10°C increase in temperature 12 g) UV ultraviolet v velocity Vk kinematic viscosity VAM vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae VIS visible radiation VPD vapor pressure deficit W watt WCA water conservation area WUE water use efficiency yr year a albedo d del; difference in isotope concentration relative to a standard D change in a quantity
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F. Stuart Chapin III Pamela A. Mats
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Preface Human activities are affect
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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Contents ix Changes in Storage . .
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Contents xi Root Uptake Properties
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Contents xiii Disturbance . . . . .
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1 The Ecosystem Concept Ecosystem e
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Figure 1.1. Examples of ecosystems
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Community ecology Population ecolog
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ing from biotically driven changes
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The pool sizes and rates of cycling
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and alters patterns of vegetation d
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Figure 1.5. Direct and indirect eff
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many aspects of ecology, hydrology,
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Energy (W m -2 ) 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ab
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The Atmospheric System Atmospheric
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ecular O2 to form O3. The absorptio
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Hadley cell Hadley cell Ferrell cel
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early sailors as the doldrums. Subs
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phere, extends to depths of 75 to 2
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tures in Great Britain and western
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when the water vapor condenses to f
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Solar flux 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
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Figure 2.16. Time course of the ave
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Radiative forcing (W m -2 ) Warming
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January September Sun March pattern
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access to light compete effectively
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the top? How does each of these atm
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(Dokuchaev 1879, Jenny 1941, Amunds
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Organic carbon (%) Erosion likely g
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erosion dominating on steep hillslo
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conductivity of soils. Groundwater
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chemical weathering through their c
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Although most of the transfers in s
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leached material from above, it is
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opment, so these soils have weak de
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y roots and bacteria are important
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Table 3.4. Sequence of H + - consum
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new chemical conditions cause them
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72 4. Terrestrial Water and Energy
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98 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial E
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100 5. Carbon Input to Terrestrial
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124 6. Terrestrial Production Proce
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152 7. Terrestrial Decomposition So
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154 7. Terrestrial Decomposition su
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156 7. Terrestrial Decomposition a
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158 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Ma
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160 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Re
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162 7. Terrestrial Decomposition cy
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164 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Ma
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166 7. Terrestrial Decomposition li
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168 7. Terrestrial Decomposition ar
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170 7. Terrestrial Decomposition R
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172 7. Terrestrial Decomposition LO
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174 7. Terrestrial Decomposition Me
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8 Terrestrial Plant Nutrient Use In
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178 8. Terrestrial Plant Nutrient U
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198 9. Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling
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10 Aquatic Carbon and Nutrient Cycl
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226 10. Aquatic Carbon and Nutrient
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11 Trophic Dynamics Introduction Al
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246 11. Trophic Dynamics People, fo
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248 11. Trophic Dynamics Consumptio
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250 11. Trophic Dynamics Plant defe
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252 11. Trophic Dynamics Biomass Te
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254 11. Trophic Dynamics promote ra
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256 11. Trophic Dynamics eating rat
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258 11. Trophic Dynamics 4 th 3 rd
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260 11. Trophic Dynamics terrestria
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262 11. Trophic Dynamics R R trophi
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264 11. Trophic Dynamics food chain
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266 12. Community Effects on Ecosys
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282 13. Temporal Dynamics An emergi
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284 13. Temporal Dynamics Small rod
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286 13. Temporal Dynamics regime (H
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288 13. Temporal Dynamics successio
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290 13. Temporal Dynamics Stage Lif
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292 13. Temporal Dynamics that redu
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294 13. Temporal Dynamics Soil carb
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296 13. Temporal Dynamics Nutrient
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298 13. Temporal Dynamics are aband
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300 13. Temporal Dynamics leaf area
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302 13. Temporal Dynamics account f
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304 13. Temporal Dynamics 6. How do
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306 14. Landscape Heterogeneity and
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Page 369 and 370: Table 16.3. Examples of services pr
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Page 373: Abbreviations an nutrient productiv
Page 377 and 378: Glossary A horizon. Uppermost miner
Page 379 and 380: Biomass. Quantity of living materia
Page 381 and 382: Coriolis effect. Tendency, due to E
Page 383 and 384: Exoenzyme. Enzyme that is secreted
Page 385 and 386: Inceptisol. Soil order characterize
Page 387 and 388: Microbial loop. Microbial food web
Page 389 and 390: Phototroph. Nitrogen-fixing microor
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Page 393 and 394: Sun leaf. Leaf that is acclimated t
Page 395 and 396: Color Plate I monthly averages of t
Page 397 and 398: Plate 3. The global pattern of net
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