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NOTES <strong>AND</strong> SOURCES n 59<br />
Revolutionary Guards among Kidnapped in Syria,” Voice of America, August<br />
8, 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/retired-iranian-revolutionay-guardsamong-those-kidnapped-in-syria/1475622.html.<br />
8. “Hezbollah shiyya Nizar al-Bayruti al-ladhi al-qadha ithna al-difa al-muqaddas,”<br />
al-Khabar, June 26, 2013, http://washin.st/1uqjnzh. See video clip: “Karar Abed al-<br />
Amir Fatlawi Abu Assad’s Funeral–Part 2,” in Phillip Smyth, “Roundup of Iraqis<br />
Killed in Syria, Part 1,” Jihadology , May 11, 2013, http://jihadology.net/2013/05/11/<br />
hizballah-cavalcade-roundup-of-iraqis-killed-in-syria-part-1/.<br />
9. A number of songs were released online by Hezbollah and its supporters using<br />
the “Labayk ya Zaynab” line. A popular example is the aptly named “Labayk ya<br />
Zaynab”: see YouTube video, 4:45, posted by Basam Nasrallah, https://www.<br />
youtube.com/watch?v=ITPK6VA-TK8 . The music video combines open-source<br />
footage of Hezbollah and other Shiite Islamist militias training and operating in<br />
Syria, with imagery from Shiite religious movies.<br />
10. Nicholas Blanford, “Video Appears to Show Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiites Fighting<br />
in Syria,” Christian Science Monitor, January 18, 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/<br />
World/Middle-East/2013/0118/Video-appears-to-show-Hezbollah-and-Iraqi-<br />
Shiites-fighting-in-Syria. See also Phillip Smyth, “The Songs of Liwa’a Abu Fadl<br />
al-Abbas: Militant Iraqi Shia Music & Syria,” Jihadology, July 3, 2013, http://<br />
jihadology.net/2013/07/03/hizballah-cavalcade-the-songs-of-liwaa-abu-fadl-alabbas-militant-iraqi-shia-music-syria/.<br />
11. See https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Images/Books/Smyth/T-11.jpg.<br />
12. See Islamic Profile Pics (Facebook page), “Labbaik Ya Zainab (sa): Show Your<br />
Love To Sayyeda Zainab (sa) And The Defenders Of Shrine. Post Your Picture<br />
‘Labbaik Ya Zainab (sa) With Your Name And Your Country / City,” http://www.<br />
facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.522720291108881.1073741826.1261004174375<br />
39&type=1.<br />
13. Phillip Smyth, “The Qusayr Meat Grinder: Hizballah’s Dead from May 20–<br />
May 25, 2013,” Jihadology, May 25, 2013, http://jihadology.net/2013/05/25/<br />
hizballah-cavalcade-the-qusayr-meat-grinder-hizballahs-dead-from-may-20-<br />
may-25-2013/. See https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Images/Books/<br />
Smyth/T-13.jpg for an example of juxtaposing the fighter with a photo of the<br />
Sayyeda Zainab shrine; comes from Iraq’s Kataib Hezbollah.<br />
14. Edith Szanto, “Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shi’i Sainthood as<br />
‘Qualified Life’ in Contemporary Syria,” International Journal of Middle East Studies<br />
44 no. 2 (2012), pp. 286–287.<br />
15. Kamran Scot Aghaie, The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi’i Symbols and Rituals in Modern<br />
Iran (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004), pp.7–8. Note: in Shiite Islam,<br />
Yazid is presented as a symbol of immorality, corruption, and tyrannical evil.<br />
16. Edith Szanto, “Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shi’i Sainthood as<br />
‘Qualified Life’ in Contemporary Syria,” International Journal of Middle East Studies<br />
44 no. 2 (2012), p. 286.<br />
17. Syed Akbar Hyder, Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory (New<br />
York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 95.
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