Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangioma

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Risk of complication is generally related to the size of lesions, location of lesions, and/or subtype. 31,57-59 Larger lesions are more likely to have complications. One study found a 5 percent increase in the likelihood of experiencing complications for every 10 cm² increase in size (OR 1.051, p
defects, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopathy, bony deformities, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, and renal anomalies], PELVIS [perineal hemangioma, external genitalia malformations, lipomyelomeningocele, vesicorenal abnormalities, imperforate anus, and skin tag] and SACRAL [spinal dysraphism, anogenital, cutaneous, renal, and urologic anomalies, associated with an angioma of lumbosacral localization]) and may require treatment of the IH to avoid functional or disfiguring sequelae. 76,77 CQ2. Evidence for Association of Cutaneous IH and Occult IH Overall, limited literature addresses the association of a higher number of cutaneous IH and extracutaneous IH. Some data from case series suggest support for a higher index of suspicion in children with multiple lesions or with facial lesions in a beard distribution. Studies have primarily assessed associations between cutaneous IH and hepatic IH and cutaneous facial IH and airway IH. One study addressed associations with IH in the spinal area and reported that nine of 48 children with cutaneous IH on the lumbosacral skin had intraspinal lesions (19%), though the study did not report the number of cutaneous lesions. We summarize studies addressing hepatic and airway IH below. The basis for the association of a greater number of cutaneous IH with hepatic IH comes primarily from case series including 453 infants with IH. 71,72,78-82 In one retrospective series, investigators analyzed data from 26 children with hepatic IH (presentation of IH at birth or up to 4 months of age). 72 Among the 26, 18 also had multiple or diffuse cutaneous lesions (69%) and underwent imaging, and 15 of 18 had multiple or diffuse liver IH. Investigators classified the liver IH as focal (n=8 children), multifocal (n=12 children), or diffuse (n=6 children). Among children with focal lesions, three had multiple cutaneous IH, two had a single cutaneous IH, and three had no cutaneous IH. In the multifocal group, 11 of 12 children had multiple cutaneous lesions (mean 14.25 ± 12.50 lesions) and liver IH. All but one of the 6 children with diffuse hepatic IH had multiple cutaneous lesions. Across lesion types, cutaneous lesions generally resolved before hepatic lesions. Another series included 37 children, 16 percent of whom had three to five small cutaneous lesions; 43 percent had six or more small cutaneous lesions; 16 percent had cutaneous miliary (30-100 pinpoint lesions) lesions; 11 percent had a single large IH; and 14 percent had a combination of a large and one or more small cutaneous IH. 78 Eight of 37 (22%) children had concurrent hepatic IH. Children with cutaneous miliary IH had a greater number of hepatic IH (n=7 to 35) than did infants with other cutaneous patterns. Another retrospective series reported that 17 of 23 infants (53%) with hepatic IH had multiple (≥5) cutaneous IH. 80 In another retrospective series of children seen at referral centers, 62 children had six or more cutaneous IH or one large (≥5 cm) cutaneous IH and seven had three to five small (
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Comparative Effectiveness Review Nu
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This report is based on research co
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Acknowledgments The authors gratefu
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Peer Reviewers Prior to publication
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BCI; moderate SOE for effects of pr
Page 11 and 12: Overview of the Literature ........
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary Introduction Infa
Page 15 and 16: for contextual questions as few eff
Page 17 and 18: Figure B. Analytic framework for KQ
Page 19 and 20: Table A. Inclusion criteria (contin
Page 21 and 22: precision (precise, imprecise), and
Page 23 and 24: Figure D. Estimates of expected IH
Page 25 and 26: majority of studies to date have in
Page 27 and 28: effectiveness outcomes. The evidenc
Page 29 and 30: changes. We considered the strength
Page 31 and 32: Table C. Summary of evidence in stu
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Page 39 and 40: Applicability We set inclusion crit
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Page 43 and 44: surgically. Lesion characteristics
Page 45 and 46: References 1. Wassef M, Blei F, Ada
Page 47 and 48: 39. Yu L, Li S, Su B, et al. Treatm
Page 49 and 50: modalities. The questions of imagin
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Page 53 and 54: of data, and compiling evidence. We
Page 55 and 56: We only included studies published
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Page 61: Results We present results for Cont
Page 65 and 66: Results of Literature Searches for
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• In two RCTs reporting level of
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Table 25. Key resolution outcomes i
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Nd:YAG Laser With Cooling Compared
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long term follow information was av
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Discussion State of the Literature
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Table 34. Strength of evidence for
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Effectiveness and Harms of Beta-Blo
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older children. One comparative stu
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case series reporting on rarer pres
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agents is critical, especially as u
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References 1. Wassef M, Blei F, Ada
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39. Chen TS, Eichenfield LF, Friedl
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80. Mai HM, Zheng JW, Wang YA, et a
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119. Sharma LK, Dalal SS. Corticost
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198. Chen ZG, Zheng JW, Yuan ML, et
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237. Healy G, McGill T, Friedman EM
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Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in
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Appendix A. Search Strategies Searc
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Searches for Comparative Effectiven
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Appendix B. Screening and Quality A
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Harms Risk of Bias Assessment Form
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QUADAS Diagnostic Accuracy Rating T
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Infantile Hemangioma CER: Risk of B
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20. Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Carey
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65. Dachman AH, Lichtenstein JE, Fr
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160. Newman SL, Goodwin CD. Colonic
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253. Wright GL, Smith RJ, Katz CD,
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301. Paley D, Jackson RW. Synovial
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346. Dombrowski MP, Budev H, Wolfe
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390. Stringel G. Giant hemangioma:
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436. Liu HC, Chang MH, Lue HC, et a
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3407. Kupeli S. Use of propranolol
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where ΦΦ(xx) is the cumulative di
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Figure D-1. Estimates of expected I
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Figure D-3. Posterior SUCRA estimat
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Figure D-5. Network diagram of comp
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Appendix E. Study Design Classifica
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Author, Year Hogeling 2011 10 Alloc
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Author, Year Representativeness of
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Author, Year Were the harms predefi
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25. Qiu Y, Ma G, Yang J, et al. Imi
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56. Hassan BA, Shreef KS. Propranol
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88. Chakkittakandiyil A, Phillips R
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120. Pandey A, Gangopadhyay AN, Gop
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Appendix G. Applicability Tables Ta
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Appendix H. Harms Reported in Packa
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o Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic a
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o Ankylosing spondylitis o Dermatom
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H-7 • Increased dosage of rapidly
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Elocon® (mometason e furoate) 11 T
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Timoptic® (timolol maleate) 15 Tim
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Harms Data for Medications Included
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Table H-3: Adverse Events from Flo-
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(
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thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis,
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grades): 103 (48%), erosion/ulcerat
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acute myocardial infarction: 3 (Rat
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Discontinuations Patients utilizing
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ocular irritation including blephar
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Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangioma

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