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Orangist celebrations The peace treaty of Aachen ended the War of the Austrian Succession, which had swept through Europe for eight years. The war broke out in 1740 after the death of Charles VI, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He had tried to secure the rights of his daughter, Maria Theresa, to the Habsburg throne through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, but her position was challenged immediately after his death by several princes, including the Spanish king Philip VI, the Prussian king Frederick II and the prince-elector of Bavaria, Charles VII. Initially, the Dutch Republic maintained a neutral course, but things changed when France invaded the Austrian Netherlands in 1744 and rapidly escalated in 1747 when the French besieged several cities in Zeelandic Flanders, including Hulst, Sas van Gent, Axel and Bergen op Zoom. 10 In response to this threat, William IV was appointed by the States-General as the Captain General and Stadtholder of all districts in the Republic. To celebrate this event illuminations and fireworks were organised throughout the Dutch Republic (Figure 1.1). 11 The Fig. 1.1 Fireworks in The Hague to celebrate the Peace of Aachen, 13 June 1749, by Jan Caspar Philips. Courtesy of Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, RP-P-OB-60.037 Pre-modern Dutch identity 9
fighting continued, and in April 1748 the French besieged Maastricht. When peace was finally established –the preliminaries were signed on 30 April and officially acknowledged on 18 October 1748 – France had to abandon these cities again. 12 The Peace of Aachen was warmly welcomed by the Dutch, who had experienced severe losses in the south. The adherents of William IV extensively praised his achievements as commander-in-chief of the army as if it had been the stadtholder himself who had personally liberated the besieged cities. According to his adherents, there were two more reasons to celebrate 1748 as a special year. Firstly, exactly a hundred years earlier the Treaty of Münster had been signed, which meant that the Dutch Republic was celebrating its first centenary as an independent state. Secondly, in March a new prince had been born, the future William V. This made the position of the new stadtholder, who now also had a male successor, stronger than ever. 13 All these factors made 1748 a year of ‘miracles’ in Orangist eyes. 14 In the many celebratory writings that were published to commemorate the centenary of the Peace of Münster and the achievement of the Peace of Aachen, the Orangist perspective dominated. At least thirty- five occasional writings were published, including sermons, plays, poems and treatises, and three large anthologies: Olyf-krans der vrede (1748, reprint of 1648; Olive Wreath of Peace), Dichtkunstig gedenkteeken (1748; Poetical Memorial) and De tempel der vrede, geopend door de mogendheden van Europa (1749; The Temple of Peace, Opened by the Powers of Europe). 15 Each of these volumes consisted of approximately forty poems, written by authors from different provinces. These anthologies were presented as a luxurious series, and the second volume was offered personally to William IV in The Hague. 16 All these occasional writings were written from an Orangist perspective. The peace celebrations were filled with praise for the new stadtholder. Many authors stressed that it was the people’s wish (vox populi) that William IV had been appointed in that position; William IV, for his part, was said to be a true, loving father of his people. One of the poets even called him ‘the very best Father of the Fatherland’. 17 This kind of imagery was not new but can also be found in earlier representations of the stadtholders, as Jill Stern has shown in her study on Orangism in the Dutch Republic between 1650 and 1672. 18 In the many poems, plays and anthologies written on the occasion of the Peace of Aachen, the markers of a Dutch (Orangist) identity clearly become visible. This identity was held together by the repetition of national symbols, myths and recurring themes. The poets went to great 10 DISCORD AND CONSENSUS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1700–2000
Page 1 and 2: Discord & Consensus in the Low Coun
Page 3 and 4: GLOBAL DUTCH: STUDIES IN LOW COUNTR
Page 5 and 6: First published in 2016 by UCL Pres
Page 7 and 8: 8. Reinstating a consensus of blame
Page 9 and 10: Fig. 4.12 Magician, Gejo, De Leeuw
Page 11 and 12: to twentieth centuries as well, as
Page 13 and 14: The Twins (De tweeling), which cont
Page 15 and 16: 1 Pre-modern Dutch identity and
Page 17: and literary reflections on war and
Page 21 and 22: and 1747. In the eyes of Orangists,
Page 23 and 24: Dissident voices In these writings
Page 25 and 26: One of the authors directed his cri
Page 27 and 28: In the play by Smit, the god of war
Page 29 and 30: 2 Gnawing worms and rolling thunder
Page 31 and 32: Fig. 2.1 Frontispiece of Lambert Bi
Page 33 and 34: Fig. 2.3 The Panpoëticon cabinet a
Page 35 and 36: still suggest a certain development
Page 37 and 38: sides of the natural order: the tin
Page 39 and 40: But at that fateful time, God’s c
Page 41 and 42: the safe bourgeois allotments, behi
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Page 47 and 48: 3 A twice-told tale of a (dis)un
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Page 57 and 58: of reconciling each party in the il
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Page 67 and 68: Introduction: the conflict in histo
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appears to require and to perpetuat
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In my study, special attention will
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Fig. 4.2 Worm’s-eye view, Bob
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was published by Walter Lehning Ver
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Fig. 4.5 Violence, Karel Biddeloo,
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actresses: Galaxa on Senta Berger a
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A poor man explains the situation t
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The Flemish readers -who recogni
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Fig. 4.13 Urinating boy, Gejo, De L
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Fig. 4.15 Monolingualism, Gejo, De
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The story is told again, but differ
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Introduction In his survey of the D
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The chapter is divided into three s
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community’s need for news in its
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to do with his newspaper, he replie
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[. . .] I am appealing to your love
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soft drinks), Christmas giften (ada
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HOUSEMAIDS NEEDED For a family of t
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When then equality - only if we uni
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It is sad that they do not realise
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States: the Germans, of course, but
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6 ‘Beyond A Bridge Too Far’: th
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some 180,000 people in all, were su
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etrayal, 14 Boeree’s first priori
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lightly. And so, having obtained th
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To cover up their robbery, the Germ
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The following two decades, from 194
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Arnhem as a garrison town would hav
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ecognition of their help to the Jew
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7 ‘A sort of wishful dream’: ch
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Netherlands in response to the orig
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The author indicates she has tried
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the political setting of the novel.
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two insecure lines about the narrat
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Nieuwenhuys wrote an impressive ant
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once a bed of red and orange cannas
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friendship between the Dutch Herma
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Introduction Ben Sombogaart’s fam
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appeared to have been realised. 8 R
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Third Reich. The conflict between s
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which are of especial interest in t
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these productions, then the coveted
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him from Buchenwald juxtaposed with
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film and the novel is undoubtedly t
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that her life had ended following M
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over the past two decades. It is a
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This is one of the insights offered
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which flows through the length of t
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partly on pre-war ideas. From a
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development areas. 24 Their recomme
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Prussian state encouraged the ‘in
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the ‘northern part of the country
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within a country as rich as Germany
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The enthusiasm for industrial enter
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spatial development in Germany was
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Introduction Multilingual text prod
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In 2008 the former Director-Gene
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some form of individual voice in th
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from the European Council’s Stock
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situation to function (i.e. the sit
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‘The protection of Europe and its
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Example 3 STAGE A Commission Propos
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other languages, which state that s
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Example 5 STAGE B Council Programme
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CITIZENS/PEOPLE/EUROPEANS STAGE B C
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Notes Introduction 1 ALCS 2014 [la
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192 NOTES 24 ‘Zo lang de Oranje S
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11 Th. van der Meer, Sodoms zaad in
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23 On De Smet’s latent hostility
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Rocco Versaci, This Book Contains G
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Flamine en Waelken liepen zoo hard
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Te Brussel vergaderden de Flamingan
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11 Cf. Feit en Fictie, , and After
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3 Other Dutch online resources such
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9 Thijs, ‘Holland and the German
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10 N. Crafts and G. Toniolo, ‘Pos
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60 Judt, Postwar, 453. 61 Exemplary
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Notes on contributors Tanja Collet
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Postbus 9103, NL-6500 HD Nijmege
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Jenny Watson is a PhD candidate at
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Elsaesser, Thomas (literary scholar
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Van der Does, Dr (Red Cross physici
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investment project 159 Emslandplan
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226 SUBJECT INDEX
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