Discord Consensus

Rocco Versaci, This Book Contains Graphic Language: Comics as Literature (New York and
London: Continuum, 2007), 211.
18 Will Eisner, Comics & Sequential Art (Paramus: Poorhouse, 1985), 89.
19 Lehning published e.g. the series Tarzan, Sigur and Tibor as well as cheap crime fiction. In
the 1950s and 1960s he had a big share in the comic market in Germany.
20 For example translations by: Schowalter 1898 (München: Lehmann), s.n. 1911
(Saarlautern: Hausen), Van der Bleek 1916 (Berlin: Borngräber), Reichhardt 1917 (Berlin:
Meidinger).
21 A figure from the juvenile book series of the same name written by Leopold Vermeiren
(1946).
22 A footnote as irony marker is quite unusual in comic strips, as comment of the narrator.
23 PVV –​ Partij voor Vrijheid en Vooruitgang, Belgian liberal party.
24 The Sacred Lance (Lance of Longinus) pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross.
25 Walter Gobbers, ‘Consciences “Leeuw van Vlaanderen” als historische roman en nationaal
epos in Europees perspectief’, in De Leeuw –​universeel symbool en wapen van Vlaanderen
(Antwerp: Stadsbibliotheek, 1983), 61–​72 (67).
26 On 18 May 1302, the rebellious citizens of Bruges murdered every Frenchman they could
find in the town, an act known as the Brugse Metten. According to legend, they singled out
the French by asking them to pronounce the Flemish shibboleth ‘schild en vriend’ (‘shield
and friend’), which the French could not pronounce correctly. (It is sometimes said that the
words must have been rather ‘’s gilden vriend’, meaning ‘friend of the guilds’.)
27 This is a self-​reflexive element: a character is aware of his role as a character in a story.
28 The expression ‘Me hiel Antwaarpe, moar nie me mai’ (‘Met heel Antwerpen, maar niet met
mij’/‘with all Antwerp, but not with me’) is a typical Antwerp idiom, used to indicate that
one does not let others pull one’s leg.
29 Gérard Genette, Palimpsestes, la littérature au second degré (Paris: Seuil, 1982), 558 (my
translation).
30 Hutcheon, A Theory of Adaptation, 176.
Chapter 5
1 Hendrik Edelman, The Dutch Language Press in America: Two Centuries of Printing,
Publishing and Bookselling (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf Publishers, 1986).
2 Cornelius J. Jaenen, ‘The Belgian Presence in Canada’, in Leen d’Haenens (ed.), Images
of Canadianness: Visions on Canada’s Politics, Culture, Economics (Ottawa: University of
Ottawa Press, 1998), 67–​90 (86).
3 ‘Gazette van Detroit hoopt nieuwe sponsors te vinden op Knoks event’, Nieuwsblad, 22 June
2013,
[accessed 5 October 2015].
4 Wim Vanraes, ‘Editor’s Notebook’, Gazette van Detroit, 18 October 2012, p. 2.
5 ‘Mission Statement’, Gazette van Detroit [accessed 4 July 2013].
6 Robert E. Park, The Immigrant Press and its Control (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,
1970) (reprint of New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922), 328.
7 La Vern J. Rippley, ‘F. W. Sallet and the Dakota Freie Presse’, North Dakota History (1992),
2–​20, [accessed
5 October 2015].
8 Stephen J. Frese, ‘Divided by a Common Language: The Babel Proclamation and its Influence
in Iowa History’, The History Teacher 39 no. 1 (2005), 59–​88.
9 Frederick C. Luebke, ‘Legal Restrictions on Foreign Languages in the Great Plains States,
1917–​1923’, in Paul Schach (ed.), Languages in Conflict: Linguistic Acculturation on the Great
Plains (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 1–​19.
10 Arthur Verthé, 150 Years of Flemings in Detroit (Tielt: Lannoo, 1983), 107; Robert
Houthaeve, Camille Cools en zijn Gazette van Detroit. Beroemde Vlamingen in Noord-​Amerika
(Moorslede: R. Houthaeve, 1989), 16.
11 Bernard A. Cook, Belgians in Michigan (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press,
2007), p. 45.
198
NOTES