Beyond clickbait and commerce

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Note on the contributor Dr Mel Bunce is a Lecturer in Journalism at City University London. Her doctoral studies, completed at Oxford University, researched foreign correspondents in Sub-Saharan Africa, and she is the co-editor of Africa’s media image in the 21st Century (Routledge, 2016, forthcoming) with Professor Suzanne Franks and Dr Chris Paterson. She is currently working on a long-term study of humanitarian news production with Dr Martin Scott and Dr Kate Wright. And she convenes the Humanitarian News Research Network, based at City University London. DISCUSSION PAPER Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016 15
Lyn McGaurr The photography of debate and desire: Images, environment and the public sphere Photography has long been a powerful tool of environmental communication and debate. In their efforts to promote environmental issues, landscape and wildlife photographers committed to conservation may provide images to established environmental non-government organisations (ENGOs), appear in activist documentaries, found their own ENGOs, curate websites and social media pages, run galleries or publish books. Yet the same photographs and photography events that feature in activist media may also appear in the editorial sections of commercial newspapers and magazines, and in public relations and advertising for consumer goods. This paper draws on interviews with photographers and ENGO spokespeople in North America to consider the implications for the public sphere of image events that combine activist media and mainstream media to promote environmental concern. Key words: image event, public screen, public sphere, environmental movements, Great Bear Rainforest Introduction Contemporary anxieties about the role of the media in public debate include unease about the concentration of ownership (Barnett and Townend 2015) and concern that rampant spectacle is ‘the ultimate expression of alienation and fetishization’ (Igoe 2010; c.f. DeLuca 1999; DeLuca and Peeples 2002; DeLuca et al. 2011; McKee 2005). Shrinking newspaper and magazine workforces, a trend towards soft journalism, and easy access to online photographs distributed by image banks or produced by citizen journalists have contributed to retrenchment of many staff photographers (see Jurkowitz 2014 for United States statistics) and reduced opportunities for in-depth photo assignments in mainstream media (Grayson 2014). Despite innumerable channels for dissemination offered by the internet, professional photographers wishing to direct their practice towards progressive ends can find it difficult to fund the necessary field trips, gain access to distant or restricted sites, and reach a wide audience without the backing of mainstream media (Grayson 16 Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016
Page 1 and 2: Beyond clickbait and commerce The e
Page 4 and 5: Contents Editorial Looking beyond t
Page 6 and 7: EDITORIAL Looking beyond the tradit
Page 8 and 9: These questions of independence are
Page 10 and 11: of the work produced by foundation-
Page 12 and 13: Crisis Center, for example, has a g
Page 14 and 15: library that spotlights progress in
Page 16 and 17: journalists working on the developm
Page 20 and 21: 2014). One response has been to par
Page 22 and 23: and/or distributed by ENGOs to mobi
Page 24 and 25: democratic dissent’, while DeLuca
Page 26 and 27: ecording the interviews, I engaged
Page 28 and 29: spent two weeks collecting images a
Page 30 and 31: Although photographs of spirit bear
Page 32 and 33: up the article ‘Pipeline through
Page 34 and 35: Alexandra Garcia, iLCP communicatio
Page 36 and 37: killed/, accessed on 27 December 20
Page 38 and 39: Dave Harte ‘Tell it like it is’
Page 40 and 41: Veronica Coatham and Lisa Martinali
Page 42 and 43: which content its audience is most
Page 44 and 45: in the 1990s and early 2000s. Borge
Page 46 and 47: in Leeds, he notes the valuable rol
Page 48 and 49: Yet the nature of the journalism at
Page 50 and 51: Foucault, Michel (1980) Power/Knowl
Page 52 and 53: Unitec research colleagues; media p
Page 54 and 55: voice in seven unique contexts was
Page 56 and 57: therefore, challenging to strike th
Page 58 and 59: 7 The Pacifica Mamas, ‘matriarchs
Page 60 and 61: sharing approach to collaboration,
Page 62 and 63: programme, and they wanted the spot
Page 64 and 65: and that I was entrusting myself to
Page 66 and 67: ecosystem (Cooren 2015b). In a 2015
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Saifoloi, Malama, Stowers-Ama, Jarc
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informed citizenry. Most see journa
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While there is no universally accep
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news organisation are decisions to
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is largely seen as unethical to ask
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open to paying for content. Others
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Conclusions Overall, oppositional n
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Foster, Michelle (2012) Calling the
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Judith Townend ‘Charitable journa
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In the second category, where the r
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Among the issues is the Charity Com
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House of Lords (2012) House of Lord
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press in a democracy to campaign, l
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The tribunal’s decision For the p
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charitable journalism may be recogn
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Denis Muller Conflict of interest:
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Tanner et al. (2005: 187) identify
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to its audiences. To engage in jour
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creating a commercial climate in wh
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that a sponsor would have no role i
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Items about Dove not labelled as sp
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their public-interest responsibilit
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Murtha, Jack and Gourarie, Chava (2
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Recognising the shadow elements of
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admits that ‘systematic’ may be
Page 118 and 119:
Rather than ethics being an issue t
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