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Foster, Michelle (2012) Calling the shots: how ownership structures affect the independence of news media, CIMA. Available online at http://www.cima.ned.org/ resource/calling-the-shots-how-ownership-structures-affect-the-independence-ofnews-media-2/, accessed on 1 December 2015 Foster, Michelle (2014) Measuring the audience: Why it matters to independent news media and how it can contribute to media development, CIMA. Available online at http://www.cima.ned.org/publication/measuring_the_audience__why_ it_matters_to_independent_news_media_and_how_it_can_contribute_to_media_ development/, accessed on 1 December 2015 Fuchs Andreas, Nunnenkamp, Peter and Ohler, Hannes (2015) Why donors of foreign aid do not coordinate: The role of competition for export markets and political support, The World Economy, Vol. 38, No. 2 pp 255-285 GFMD World Conference (2008) 10 December GFMD Constitution Athens. Available online at www.gfmd.info, accessed on 1 December 2015 Harding, Phil (2015) Public service media in divided societies: Relic or renaissance? BBC Media Action. Available online at http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/ pdf/policybriefing/psb-in-divided-societies-sept-2015.pdf, accessed on 1 December 2015 Higgins, Daire (2014) The Western way? Democracy and the media assistance model, Global Media Journal, Vol. 4, No.2 pp 1-15 Kaldor, Mary (2003) Civil society and accountability, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 4, No. 1 pp 5-27 Karlekar, Karin and Becker, Lee (2014) By the numbers: tracing the statistical correlation between press freedom and democracy, CIMA. Available online at http://www.cima.ned.org/resource/by-the-numbers-tracing-the-statisticalcorrelation-between-press-freedom-and-democracy/, accessed on 1 December 2015 LaMay, Craig (2006) Democratization and the dilemmas of media independence, The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, Vol. 8, No. 4 pp 50-75 LaMay, Craig (2007) Exporting press freedom: Economic and editorial dilemmas in international media assistance, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers Loza, Tihomir (2015) Freedom from expression, RADAR. Available online at http:// mediaobservatory.net/radar/freedom-expression, accessed on 1 December 2015 Madon Shirin, Reinhard, Nicolau and Walsham, Geoff (2009) Digital inclusion projects in developing countries, Technology for Development, Vol. 15, No. 2 pp 95-107 Martin, Hugh and Souder, Lawrence (2009) Interdependence in media economics: Ethical implications of the economic characteristics of news, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, Vol. 24, Nos 2-3 pp 127-145 McManus, John (1992) Serving the public and serving the market: A conflict of interest?, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, Vol. 7, No. 4 pp 196-208 Myers, Mary (2014) Africa’s media boom: The role of international aid, CIMA, National Endowment for Democracy. Available online at http://www.cima.ned. org/resource/africas-media-boom-the-role-of-international-aid/, accessed on 1 December 2015 Nelson, Anne (2011) Funding free expression: Perceptions and reality in a changing landscape, CIMA. Available online at http://www.cima.ned.org/resource/fundingfree-expression-perceptions-and-reality-in-a-changing-landscape/, accessed on 1 December 2015 Nolan, Kristin and Setrikian, Lara (2014) Seeking the single subject news model, Tow Center for Digital Journalism. Available online at http://towcenter.org/research/ seeking-the-single-subject-news-model/, accessed on 1 December 2015 Parsons, Paul, Landesberg, Richard and Scott, Glenn (2008) Barriers to media development, Beer A. S. de, Merrill, J. C. (eds) Global journalism: Topical issues and media systems, Boston, Pearson, fifth edition pp 48-64 RESEARCH PAPER Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016 79
Clare Cook Peters, Bettina (2010) The future of journalism and challenges for media development: are we exporting a model that no longer works at home?, Journalism Practice, Vol. 4, No. 3 pp 268-273 Podesta, Don (2009) Soft censorship: how governments around the world use money to manipulate the media, CIMA. Available online at http://unpan1.un.org/ intradoc/groups/public/documents/unpan/unpan041876.pdf, assessed on 1 December 2015 Podesta, Don (2014) Business journalism thrives even under repressive regimes, Center for International Media Assistance. Available online at http:// www.cima.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Business-Journalism- Thrives%E2%80%94Even-Under-Repressive-Regimes.pdf, assessed on 1 December 2015 Pekkala, Pekka and Cook, Clare (2012) Sustaining journalistic entrepreneurship, Sirkkunen, E and Cook, Clare (eds) Chasing sustainability on the net, Tampere, Comet pp 108-115 Requejo-Alemán, Jose and Lugo-Ocando, Jairo (2014) Assessing the sustainability of Latin American investigative non-profit journalism, Journalism Studies, Vol. 15 pp 522-532 Robinson, JJ, Grennan, Kristen and Schiffrin, Anya (2015) Publishing for peanuts: Innovation and journalism start-up, Open Society Foundation. Available online at http://www.cima.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PublishingforPeanuts.pdf, assessed on 1 December 2015 Ronderos, Maria Teresa (2015) Funders’ perspective: Maria Teresa Ronderos, director, Independent Journalism Programme of the Open Society Foundations. Available at http://gfmd.info/en/site/news/845/Funders-Perspective-Maria-Teresa- Ronderos-%E2%80%93-Director-Independent-Journalism-Programme-of-the- Open-Society-Foundations.htm, assessed on 1 December 2015 Shrader, John (2011) Being ethical when it’s bad for business, Journal of Mass Media Ethics Exploring, Vol. 26, No. 1 pp 71-74 Sullivan, Drew (2013) Investigative journalism in emerging democracies: Models, challenges and lessons learned, CIMA. Available online at http://issuu.com/cimapublications/docs/investigative-reporting-emerging-democracies, assessed on 1 December 2015 Sylvie, George and Witherspoon, Patricia (2002) Time, change, and the American newspaper, Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Wilson, Mark, Warnock, Kitty and Schoemaker, Emrys (2007) At the heart of change: The role of communication in sustainable development, Panos. Available online at http://panos.org.uk/wp-content/files/2011/01/heart_of_change_ weby2wvJO.pdf, assessed on 1 December 2015 Note on the contributor Clare Cook is a senior lecturer in print and online journalism at the Media Innovation Studio, the University of Central Lancashire’s media research lab. She lectures in the UK and in Europe on social media and its impact on journalism, having co-authored Social media for journalists: Principles and practice (Sage). She has co-authored a range of works looking at the revenue models of journalism start-ups globally, hyperlocal media in Europe and oppositional news outlets in fragile states. She is also researching the impact of media technology in restricted environments. 80 Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016
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Beyond clickbait and commerce The e
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Contents Editorial Looking beyond t
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EDITORIAL Looking beyond the tradit
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These questions of independence are
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of the work produced by foundation-
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Crisis Center, for example, has a g
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library that spotlights progress in
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journalists working on the developm
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Note on the contributor Dr Mel Bunc
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2014). One response has been to par
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and/or distributed by ENGOs to mobi
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democratic dissent’, while DeLuca
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ecording the interviews, I engaged
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spent two weeks collecting images a
Page 30 and 31:
Although photographs of spirit bear
Page 32 and 33: up the article ‘Pipeline through
Page 34 and 35: Alexandra Garcia, iLCP communicatio
Page 36 and 37: killed/, accessed on 27 December 20
Page 38 and 39: Dave Harte ‘Tell it like it is’
Page 40 and 41: Veronica Coatham and Lisa Martinali
Page 42 and 43: which content its audience is most
Page 44 and 45: in the 1990s and early 2000s. Borge
Page 46 and 47: in Leeds, he notes the valuable rol
Page 48 and 49: Yet the nature of the journalism at
Page 50 and 51: Foucault, Michel (1980) Power/Knowl
Page 52 and 53: Unitec research colleagues; media p
Page 54 and 55: voice in seven unique contexts was
Page 56 and 57: therefore, challenging to strike th
Page 58 and 59: 7 The Pacifica Mamas, ‘matriarchs
Page 60 and 61: sharing approach to collaboration,
Page 62 and 63: programme, and they wanted the spot
Page 64 and 65: and that I was entrusting myself to
Page 66 and 67: ecosystem (Cooren 2015b). In a 2015
Page 68 and 69: Saifoloi, Malama, Stowers-Ama, Jarc
Page 70 and 71: informed citizenry. Most see journa
Page 72 and 73: While there is no universally accep
Page 74 and 75: news organisation are decisions to
Page 76 and 77: is largely seen as unethical to ask
Page 78 and 79: open to paying for content. Others
Page 80 and 81: Conclusions Overall, oppositional n
Page 84 and 85: Judith Townend ‘Charitable journa
Page 86 and 87: In the second category, where the r
Page 88 and 89: Among the issues is the Charity Com
Page 90 and 91: House of Lords (2012) House of Lord
Page 92 and 93: press in a democracy to campaign, l
Page 94 and 95: The tribunal’s decision For the p
Page 96 and 97: charitable journalism may be recogn
Page 98 and 99: Denis Muller Conflict of interest:
Page 100 and 101: Tanner et al. (2005: 187) identify
Page 102 and 103: to its audiences. To engage in jour
Page 104 and 105: creating a commercial climate in wh
Page 106 and 107: that a sponsor would have no role i
Page 108 and 109: Items about Dove not labelled as sp
Page 110 and 111: their public-interest responsibilit
Page 112 and 113: Murtha, Jack and Gourarie, Chava (2
Page 114 and 115: Recognising the shadow elements of
Page 116 and 117: admits that ‘systematic’ may be
Page 118 and 119: Rather than ethics being an issue t
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