Hydrophobic Membrane Translocating Sequence Peptides 133 23. Briggs, M.S. et al., In vivo function and membrane binding properties are correlated for Escherichia coli lamB signal peptides, Science, 228, 1096, 1985. 24. Kendall, D.A., Bock, S.C., and Kaiser, E.T., Idealization of the hydrophobic segment of the alkaline phosphatase signal peptide, Nature, 321, 706, 1986. 25. Yamamoto, Y. et al., Engineering of the hydrophobic segment of the signal sequence for efficient secretion of human lysozyme by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 149, 431, 1987. 26. Kendall, D.A. and Kaiser, E.T., A functional decaisoleucine-containing signal sequence. Construction by cassette mutagenesis, J. Biol. Chem., 263, 7261, 1988. 27. Bird, P., Gething, M.J., and Sambrook, J., The functional efficiency of a mammalian signal peptide is directly related to its hydrophobicity, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 8420, 1990. 28. Chou, M.M. and Kendall, D.A., Polymeric sequences reveal a functional interrelationship between hydrophobicity and length of signal peptides, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 2873, 1990. 29. Prabhakaran, M., The distribution of physical, chemical and conformational properties in signal and nascent peptides, Biochem. J., 269, 691, 1990. 30. Watson, M.E., Compilation of published signal sequences, Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 5145, 1984. 31. Hoyt, D.W. and Gierasch, L.M., Hydrophobic content and lipid interactions of wildtype and mutant OmpA signal peptides correlate with their in vivo function, Biochemistry, 30, 10155, 1991. 32. Ahn, K., Chen, D., and Kemper, B., Inverse relationship of cotranslational translocation with the hydrophobic moment of the bovine preproparathyroid hormone signal sequence, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1224, 459, 1994. 33. Lin, Y.Z. et al., Inhibition of nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-kappa B by a synthetic peptide containing a cell membrane-permeable motif and nuclear localization sequence, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 14255, 1995. 34. Lin, Y.Z., Yao, S.Y., and Hawiger, J., Role of the nuclear localization sequence in fibroblast growth factor-1-stimulated mitogenic pathways, J Biol Chem., 271, 5305, 1996. 35. Rojas, M., Yao, S., and Lin, Y.Z., Controlling epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated Ras activation in intact cells by a cell-permeable peptide mimicking phosphorylated EGF receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 27456, 1996. 36. Rojas, M. et al., Genetic engineering of proteins with cell membrane permeability, Nat. Biotechnol., 16, 370, 1998. 37. Torgerson, T.R. et al., Regulation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, NFAT, and STAT1 nuclear import in T lymphocytes by noninvasive delivery of peptide carrying the nuclear localization sequence of NF-kappa B p50, J. Immunol., 161, 6084, 1998. 38. Crabtree, G.R. and Clipstone, N.A., Signal transmission between the plasma membrane and nucleus of T lymphocytes, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 63, 1045, 1994. 39. Schindler, C. and Darnell, J.E. Jr., Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 621, 1995. 40. Kolenko, V. et al., Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity in human T lymphocytes induces caspase-dependent apoptosis without detectable activation of caspase-1 and -3, J. Immunol., 163, 590, 1999. 41. Kilgore, K.S. et al., Sublytic concentrations of the membrane attack complex of complement induce endothelial interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 through nuclear factor-kappa B activation, Am. J. Pathol., 150, 2019, 1997. 42. Maulik, N. et al., An essential role of NFkappaB in tyrosine kinase signaling of p38 MAP kinase regulation of myocardial adaptation to ischemia, FEBS Lett., 429, 365, 1998.
134 Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Processes and Applications 43. Liu, R.Y. et al., Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced proliferation of human Mo7e leukemic cells occurs via activation of nuclear factor kappaB transcription factor, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 13877, 1999. 44. Grundker, C. et al., Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induces nuclear factor kappaB-activation and inhibits apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 3815, 2000. 45. Eichholtz–Wirth, H. and Sagan, D., IkappaB/NF-kappaB mediated cisplatin resistance in HeLa cells after low-dose gamma-irradiation is associated with altered SODD ex<strong>press</strong>ion, Apoptosis, 5, 255, 2000. 46. Andrews, E.J. et al., Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells is increased by endotoxin via an upregulation of beta-1 integrin ex<strong>press</strong>ion, J. Surg. Res., 97, 14, 2001. 47. Descamps, S. et al., Nerve growth factor stimulates proliferation and survival of human breast cancer cells through two distinct signaling pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 17864, 2001. 48. Mitsiades, C.S. et al., TRAIL/Apo2L ligand selectively induces apoptosis and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications, Blood, 98, 795, 2001. 49. Cinatl, J., Jr. et al., Cytomegalovirus infection decreases ex<strong>press</strong>ion of thrombospondin-1 and –2 in cultured human retinal glial cells: effects of antiviral agents, J. Infect. Dis., 182, 643, 2000. 50. Visentin, S., Renzi, M., and Levi, G., Altered outward-rectifying K(+) current reveals microglial activation induced by HIV-1 Tat protein, Glia, 33, 181, 2001. 51. Patrizio, M., Colucci, M., and Levi, G., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein decreases cyclic AMP synthesis in rat microglia cultures, J. Neurochem., 77, 399, 2001. 52. Liao, C.L. et al., Salicylates inhibit flavivirus replication independently of blocking nuclear factor kappa b activation, J. Virol., 75, 7828, 2001. 53. Kirchner, A. et al., Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute Lyme neuroborreliosis, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 68, 368, 2000. 54. Pahan, K. et al., Induction of nitric-oxide synthase and activation of NF-kappaB by interleukin-12 p40 in microglial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 7899, 2001. 55. Nakai, M. et al., Kainic acid-induced apoptosis in rat striatum is associated with nuclear factor-kappaB activation, J. Neurochem., 74, 647, 2000. 56. Panet, H. et al., Activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is essential for dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, J. Neurochem., 77, 391, 2001. 57. Cheng, N. et al., Role of transcription factor NF-kappaB in asbestos-induced TNFalpha response from macrophages, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 66, 201, 1999. 58. Rojanasakul, Y. et al., Dependence of NF-kappaB activation and free radical generation on silica-induced TNF-alpha production in macrophages, Mol. Cell Biochem., 200, 119, 1999. 59. Dunican, A.L. et al., TNFalpha-induced sup<strong>press</strong>ion of PMN apoptosis is mediated through interleukin-8 production, Shock, 14, 284, 2000. 60. Das, J. et al., A critical role for NF-kappa B in GATA3 ex<strong>press</strong>ion and TH2 differentiation in allergic airway inflammation, Nat. Immunol., 2, 45, 2001. 61. Desai, A. et al., Loxosceles deserta spider venom induces NF-kappaB-dependent chemokine production by endothelial cells, J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37, 447, 1999. 62. Laird, S.M. et al., Ex<strong>press</strong>ion of nuclear factor kappa B in human endometrium; role in the control of interleukin 6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor production, Mol. Hum. Reprod., 6, 34, 2000.
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CELL- PENETRATING PEPTIDES Processe
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Pharmacology and Toxicology: Basic
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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to the handbook are prominent resea
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REFERENCES 1. Green, M. and Loewens
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Contributors Mats Andersson Microbi
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Erin T. Pelkey Department of Chemis
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Contents Section I Classes of Cell-
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Chapter 16 Cell-Penetrating Peptide
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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The Tat-Derived Cell-Penetrating Pe
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26 Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Proce
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3 Transportans Margus Pooga, Mattia
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Transportans 55 Indeed, galparan is
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Transportans 57 especially the endo
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Transportans 59 In the penetration
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Transportans 61 A 21-mer antisense
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Transportans 63 Commonly, the prote
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Transportans 65 antibiotin antibodi
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Transportans 67 For cross-linking o
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Transportans 69 and still retain ef
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Model Amphipathic Peptides 73 its D
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Model Amphipathic Peptides 75 pmol/
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TABLE 4.1 Internalization of Peptid
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TABLE 4.2 Internalization of Peptid
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Model Amphipathic Peptides 81 relat
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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FIGURE 9.7 (Color Figure 9.7 follow
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FIGURE 9.8 The center of the figure
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Structure Prediction of CPPs and It
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Biophysical Studies of Cell-Penetra
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Biophysical Studies of Cell-Penetra
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Kinetics of Uptake of Cell-Penetrat
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Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugatio
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Vector
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TABLE 16.1 Examples of Transport of
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CPP 2 Cargo or mRNA CAP Antisense A
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Microbial Membrane-Permeating Pepti
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Microbial Membrane-Permeating Pepti
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Microbial Membrane-Permeating Pepti
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Microbial Membrane-Permeating Pepti
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Index A Abaecin, 129 Abz radiolabel
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Index 399 Diffraction, 168 Disulphi
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Index 401 structure prediction, 187
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Index 403 pRB proteins, Tat-E1A bin
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Index 405 lipid perturbation (secon