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10
CONTENTS
0-8493-1141-1/02/$0.00+$1.50
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Biophysical Studies
of Cell-Penetrating
Peptides
Astrid Gräslund and L.E. Göran Eriksson
10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................224
10.2 Sequences and General Properties of Selected CPPs .................................224
10.3 Biomembrane Mimetic Solvents and Model Systems ................................225
10.3.1 Liposomes and Vesicles ...................................................................226
10.3.1.1 Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUVs) .................................227
10.3.1.2 Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs) .................................227
10.3.1.3 Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) .................................227
10.3.2 Micelles, Bicelles, and Solvent Mixtures........................................228
10.3.2.1 Micelles.............................................................................228
10.3.2.2 Bicelles..............................................................................228
10.3.2.3 Solvent Mixtures...............................................................228
10.4 Interfacial Phenomena — Electrostatics......................................................229
10.5 Biophysical Methods to Study Peptide–Membrane Interactions................231
10.5.1 Fluorescence.....................................................................................231
10.5.2 Circular Dichroism...........................................................................232
10.5.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy .......................................232
10.5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ..........................................................232
10.5.5 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance...................................................233
10.6 Examples of Secondary Structure Induction in CPPs
by Membrane-Mimetic Solvents .................................................................233
10.6.1 Structure Induction in Micelles .......................................................234
10.6.2 Positioning in Micelles ....................................................................234
10.6.3 Structure Induction in Bicelles ........................................................235
10.6.4 Structure Induction in Vesicles ........................................................235
10.7 Possible Effects of Peptides on Membranes: Comparison
with Other Types of Membrane-Interacting Peptides .................................236
10.8 CPP Translocation in Model Membrane Systems: the Case
of Penetratin .................................................................................................238
10.9 Criteria for Various Forms of Peptide Activities on Membranes ...............239
223