THE EARLY AGE OF GREECE VOL.I by W.Ridgeway 1901

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' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 225 destroyed the roots of the plant^ Its habitat extended over Libya for some four thousand stades, but it was especially abundant in the country stretching round the Great Syrtis from Euespe rides to Gyrene I It had a root long and thick, a stalk about the size of the fennel {vapdrj^) and closely resembling it in thickness, with a leaf (called ixdcnrerov) like celery {akXtvov), and a flat seed. In the spring it sent up its leaf, which fattened cattle and made their flesh wondrous sweet. It was eaten in every way both boiled and roasted, and it was said to purify the body in forty days. Two distinct kinds of juice were obtained from it, the one from the stalk (known as KafX/a?), the other from the root (hence named pi^ia
WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 227 its northern shores from the days when a great land bridge linked together the two continents, and when men of the same stock could pass freely from north to south and from south to north of the intervening lake. Nor is there any need to suppose that such knowledge came through Egypt, for the men of the Mycenean age were versed in seacraft, as has been already seen from the legends of the Minyans, the Argo, Nauplius, Ancaeus, Telephus, Minos, Ariadne, and Theseus. Before now many a mariner sorely against his will has become the discoverer of new lands, and so it was wuth Colaeus the Samian, the first of all Greeks to pass between the Pillars of Heracles. Shipmen who sought to double Cape Malea (.Matapan), when the Boreas blew down from Thrace, were ever liable to be carried far out of their true course, and this is the natural phenomenon on which is founded one of the greatest of epic poems. As Odysseus and hjs comrades on their return from Trcjy were sailing along the east coast of Peloponnesus and just rounding Malea, a violent north wind caught them and carried them away to the southward for twenty days until they at last reached the Libyan land, where he fell in with the ' Lotus-eaters, who lived on a ' honey-sweet plant. Thence he made his way to the land of the Cychjpes, who are always represented as dwelling in Sicily or .South Italy. This story can be readily paralleled in classical history as well as in legend. Sieaki!ig of the earliest settlements in Sicily and the planting of St/gesta Thucydides says' that certain Trojans whilst the capture of Ti'oy was in progress escaped the Acheans and made their way to Sicily where' in conjunction with the nt.'ighbouring Sicani they orcuj)i(_'d l^i'yx and Egesta. Later on sonie of the IMiocians from 'i'l-oy joined tiiem in the settlement. These men "had by reason of a storm been carried Hrst to Libva, and later on liatl made their way fruni that countrv to Sicilv." This story is not unlike that enilxxlied 1\- \'irgil in the episode- of the wandei-iiigs of Aeneas. l!ut TJiue\- didi's gi\-e> an inciih'Ut of his uwn time, whieii proves that the legends arc based on tacts-. The i-cii)forcemcnt> sent to S\iaeusi' by the Pejoponnesians. whii-h had sailed from the ea^t eoa>t 1 VI. -2. :{. - VII. .")ii. 228 WHO WERE THE MAKERS? of Peloponnesus, were driven by a storm to Libya, where the Cyrenians gave them two triremes and a pilot, and as they coasted along they entered the great town of Euesperides, which they delivered from the Libyans who were beleaguering it. From thence they coasted on to Neapolis, a port of the Carthaginians, from which they crossed to Sicily by the shortest route of two days and a night, and arrived at Selinus. It would then seem that these Peloponnesian troops had experienced the same misfortune and had traversed the same course as Odysseus and the Phocians. One is inclined to suggest that the mysterious Lotus plant, about which the writers of the classical period knew nothing save what was purely conjectural, was after all nothing but the early and vague expression of the knowledge that a plant unknown elsewliere and possessed of rare virtues grew in that part of Libya fronting the Syrtis which as we have just seen was the habitat of the silphium. This herb after the planting of Gyrene became known to the Greeks under its true Berber name. But wheth-er or not the silphium be the lotus, sufficient evidence has been given to show that from the natural phenomena of storm and currents the natives of the northern parts of the Mediterranean must have inevitably been brought into contact with Libya from the time when they took to ^seafaring, and that in the Homeric period the Greeks had a fairly definite knowledge of Libya as a fertile region to which Phoenicians trafficked with slaves and other commodities. But legends which go back to a time long anterior to the ei)Och represented in the Odyssey and Iliad cluster round the Libyan shore. The Argo had made her fateful voyage in the generation before the Trojan war. She had entered the Euxine through the Hellespont, had made her way to Colchis, and at the Caucasus her crew had even heard the groans of Proniftheus on his torment-bed; on her homeward voyage ht.'r sentient ])i
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THE OF EARLY AGE GREECE WILLIAM RID
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VIU PREFACE. I have endeavoured to
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CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. I'AOE The Rema
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. . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVI LIST
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PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR DISTR
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' The . 24 PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND
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: he ' )>. cil.. pp. 1 11 Fra/cr, .
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' ' 32 PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEI
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' ' PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR D
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' ' PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR D
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' ' ' PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR
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' This PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEI
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' ' '' -* PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND T
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' A. 64 PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THE
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' he PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR
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'' PREHISTORIC REMAINS AND THEIR DI
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" WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 83 But even
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WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 87 88 ' ' ' X
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I WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 91 92 C(. S
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' ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 95 write
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WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 99 sent him t
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' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 103 the w
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' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 107 to clai
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favdaaovTai ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ?
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' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 115 only fa
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"it WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 119 in the
Page 69 and 70: " WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 123 124 WHO
Page 71 and 72: and WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 127 natio
Page 73 and 74: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 131 power o
Page 75 and 76: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 135 136 WHO W
Page 77 and 78: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 139 origin of
Page 79 and 80: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 143 majorit
Page 81 and 82: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 147 People ma
Page 83 and 84: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 151 WHO WER
Page 85 and 86: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 155 synagog
Page 87 and 88: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 159 therefore
Page 89 and 90: ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 163 Aegin
Page 91 and 92: ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 167 168 H
Page 93 and 94: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 171 Achean s
Page 95 and 96: WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 175 A more rea
Page 97 and 98: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 179 from Arca
Page 99 and 100: WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 183 the outcom
Page 101 and 102: ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 187 a son
Page 103 and 104: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 191 of the is
Page 105 and 106: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 195 guistic e
Page 107 and 108: Having slain the aged Licymnius, WH
Page 109 and 110: ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 203 of Da
Page 111 and 112: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 207 Peloponne
Page 113 and 114: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 211 212 WHO
Page 115 and 116: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 215 216 WHO W
Page 117 and 118: WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 219 Epaphus, t
Page 119: ' -' ' ' ' liilivans as it is hy th
Page 123 and 124: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 231 Thus we h
Page 125 and 126: people - Monti'lius. oji. cit., I'l
Page 127 and 128: ' they WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 239 As
Page 129 and 130: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 243 The bro
Page 131 and 132: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 247 The Caere
Page 133 and 134: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 251 their ow
Page 135 and 136: '' I vm. WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 255
Page 137 and 138: ' ls'.)S), ' ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS
Page 139 and 140: ' ' Ann. WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 263
Page 141 and 142: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 267 then be
Page 143 and 144: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 271 blades,
Page 145 and 146: ' ' Oil WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 275 Th
Page 147 and 148: ' WHO WERE THE MAKERS? 279 erected
Page 149 and 150: ' ' ' 284 WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? WHO
Page 151 and 152: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 287 must susp
Page 153 and 154: WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 291 Achean Ph
Page 155 and 156: ' .Icvons 296 THE HOMERIC AGE. p. T
Page 157 and 158: ' THE HOMERIC AGE. 299 fastened wit
Page 159 and 160: ' THE HOMERIC AGE. 303 through the
Page 161 and 162: '' THE HOMERIC AGE. 307 dead, was a
Page 163 and 164: ' '' '" ' THE HOMERIC AGE. 311 and
Page 165 and 166: THE HOMERIC AGE. 315 from under the
Page 167 and 168: ' eu THE HOMERIC AGE. 319 not worn
Page 169 and 170: ' 324 THE HOMERIC AGE, in douhtful
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' -' ' '' THE HOMERIC AGE. 327 But,
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THE HOMERIC AGE. 331 332 THE HOMERI
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THE HOMERIC AGE. 335 strungly devel
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WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 339 is of
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advance southwards of tribes WHENCE
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' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 347 a r
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352 WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? WHENC
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WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 355 From
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' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 359 360
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: WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 363 tha
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' ' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 367 a
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' ' ' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 371
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' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 375 WHE
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' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 379 380
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' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 383 For
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' ' ' ' WHENCE CAME THE ACHEAXS ? 3
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' -^ WHENCE CAME THE ACHEANS ? 391
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' Herod. WHENCE CAME THE ACHEAX8 ?
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' WHENCE CAME THE AOHEANS ? 399 sam
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' "* who ' advanced into southern R
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' ' 408 THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROP
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' ' THE EARLY IROX AGE IN EUROPE. 4
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' THE EARLY IRON AGE IX EUROPE. 415
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' Von THE EARLY IRON AGE IX EUROPE.
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' I THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE. 4
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428 THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE. l
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THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE. 431 T
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' ' Mittlt. -' THE EARLY IRON AGE I
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' ' ' Munio. THE EARLY IRON AGE IN
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' ' ' THE EARLY IRON AGE IX EUROPE.
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' THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE. 447
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-' THE EARLY IRON AGE IX EUROPE. 45
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THE ROUND SHIELD. 455 ioG THE ROUND
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' THE ROUND SHIELD. 459 460 THE ROU
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-' THE ROUND SHIELD. 463 Nor was it
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' THE ROUND SHIELD. 467 Phrygian fa
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THE ROUND SHIELD. 471 At Caere not
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' Head, THE ROUND SHIELD. 475 476 T
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' THE HOUND SHIELD. 479 a hollow tr
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"' ' IXHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE
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' '' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE
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' '' ' - ' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION,
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INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE SOUL
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' ' Mmii... ' ' INHUMATION, CREMATI
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' ' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND TH
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I I INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE
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' ' 512 INHUMATION, CKEMATION, AND
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' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE
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' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE SO
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' W. ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND T
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' ami " ' INHUMATION, CHEMATIOX, AN
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' '' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND T
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' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE
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' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND THE SO
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' ' ' INHUMATION, CREMATION, AND TH
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THE BROOCH. 555 556 THE BROOCH, The
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THE BROOCH. 559 Danubian regions to
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' Hen ' ' "' ' THE BROOCH. 563 From
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THE BROOCH. 567 knob-shaped appenda
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' THE BROOCH. 571 a few sporadic im
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' Much, THE BROOCH. 577 how it is t
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THE BROOCH. 579 Greece, are likewis
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' O'CmiT. ' THE BROOCH. 583 gold fr
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' ' ' THE BROOCH. 587 Buckinghamshi
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' A "' ' THE BROOCH. 591 We have he
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' ' IRON. 595 never lead to any but
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IRON. 599 It is therefore much more
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' IRON. 603 was a great scarcity of
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'' IRON. 607 iron came likewise fro
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' ' IRON. Oil 612 IRON. time afford
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' IRON. 615 Egypt, and not the reve
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' IRON. G19 620 IRON. It is possibl
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I ' IRON. 623 Siderotektones\ but h
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'' -' IRON. 627 628 IRON. infers th
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' ' 632 THE HOMERIC DIALECT. Odysse
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' THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 635 Mr Andre
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THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 639 youths unw
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' THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 643 material
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I THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 647 648 THE
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Herod, l)iod. Sic. (III. ')'! H) sa
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wicii ' ' THE HOMERIC DIALECT, 655
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' ' THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 659 Closel
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THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 663 664 THE HO
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' " ' a" THE HOMERIC ]>IALECT. 667
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' W. ' THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 671 672
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ui ll^ pmni iila- i . ^pi el ivrl\
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fed THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 679 680 TH
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THE HOMERIC DIALECT. 683 spite of c
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THE EARLY AGE OF GREECE VOL.I by W.Ridgeway 1901

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