THE EARLY AGE OF GREECE VOL.I by W.Ridgeway 1901

'
THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE. 447
448 THE EARLY IRON AGE IN EUROPE.
them. Here again there is
complete agreement with the
But, as our historical evidence has led us to the conclusion
Acheans.
that the fair-haired people of upper Europe were contiuually
Cremation is the regular form of burial for the wealthy in
pressing down over the Alps into Italy, as well as into the
the full Iron period at Hallstc'itt, and such too was the normal
Balkan, we ought to be able to point to material remains in
practice of the Homeric Acheans. There is proof that the
Italy corresponding to those which we have just shown extending
from the Tyrol down into Greece.
people of the Hallstatt area, like the Acheans, used the twohorse
chariot, yet as all the peoples round the Aegean employed
similar war chariots, no argument can be drawn from its
truth of the historical statements concerning the movements of
use by the Hallstatt people, but on the other hand, if no such
the Celts into Italy and the Danube valley in the centuries
We can find plenty of material evidence to demonstrate the
evidence was at hand, it might have been urged that the
imuiediately preceding the Christian era. Thus at Bologna,
absence of the chariot indicated that the Hallstatt culture was
Marzabotto, Este, and various places in the provinces of Forli,
not identical with that of the Acheans.
Modena and Reggio antiquities of indubitable Gallic origin
But there is evidence to show that whilst the vehicles of
have been met in considerable quantities. The weapons,
the Acheans differ in one respect at least from those of the
accoutrements, and ornaments are similar to those found at
]\Iyceneans, they agree in the same with those of the Hallstatt
the late Celtic settlement of La Tene on Lake Neuchatel, on
area.
Caesar's battlefields in Gaul, in the graves of the Gaulish
We saw that whilst the chariots on the tombstDues of
warri(jrs in the valley of the Marne, and in the Alpine passes.
Mycenae ha\e wheels with four spokes only, the Hoineiic
The same class of objects is found in Bohemia, the land of
chariot wheel had eight spokes. Now iiot is
only the little
the Boii, and in Bosnia at Glasinatz we have just seen all kinds
waggon from (ilasinatz furnished with eiglit-s])oked wheels, but
of the distinctive Gallic fibulae known as the La Tene.
so too is the waggon from Styria. The little ten'a-cotta birdshaped
waggon from Este^ ap])ears to ha\c nine sjxtkes, but a
Italy is fully substantiated by the discovery of large numbers
Similarly the tradition of an Etruscan domination in up})er
bronze wheel-shaped pendant from the same ])lace has of tombs and other eight
antiquities of a type thoroughly distinct
spokes'". In Lake (iarda near I'cseliiei'a was found an iron from the Roman and Gallic which succeeded them.
dagger
Again, at
in a wooden scabbard mounted with iron, on one vide iiighlv
Bologna and in many other ])laces there are the remains of a
decorated in relief, and sliowing a wlieeP' with culture which eight spokes.
preceded the Etruscans, and which accordingly
Again though the wheels of the chai-iots on which the i-emains
we have attributed to the Umbrians, who according to the
of (laulish chiettaiiis have been j'ouiid in gi'aves in (
'hanipagne
historians, before the Etruscan concjuests once held a lai-gi' pai't
are generally too much decayed to enal)le us to tix the number
of north Italy up to the Alps. The anti([uities of this class
of spokes. iie\ ei't heless a siiiall broii/.e wheel from (
'ham|agne
(termed Willanov) belong to the first part of the Ii-on Age.
e.\hil)its eiglit spokes'.
We niay therefore conelude that the
Wt' saw that at Boio