THE EARLY AGE OF GREECE VOL.I by W.Ridgeway 1901

WHO WERE THE MAKERS ? 237
WHO WERE THE. MAKERS ?
After the Terramare came the Early Iron Age, usually
The antiquities^ of this culture are widely spread over upper
termed the Villauova period by the Italian archaeologists,
Italy, and differ essentially from those of the previous epoch.
from the discovery of a large
number of its characteristic
Indeed they have been described by some as following longo
remains at Villanova near Bologna.
intervallo, for they show a great advance in metal work.
The cemeteries of this age reveal cist-graves, the bottom,
sides, and top being formed of flat unhewn stones, though
sometimes there are only bottom and top slabs. The dead were
burnt ;
the remains are usually in urns, each grave containing,
as a rule, but one ossuary. Sometimes the vessel is covered
with a flat stone or a dish upside down, sometimes the urns
are deposited in the ground without any protection. The vases
are often hand-made and adorned with incised lineai' ornament,
but the bones especially in later times were often
placed in bronze urns or buckets. Mycenean influences are
seen at work in the region round the mouths of the Po. But
here, as we have just seen, the Pelasgians of Thessaly had
planted Spina (p 232).
Though iron is making its way steadily into use for cutting
weapons, flat, flanged, socketed and looped celts of bi'onze are
found in considei-able numbers* (Fig- 42). Fibulae of many
kinds ranging from the most primitive safety-pin fashioned out
of a common bronze pin, such as those found at Peschiera,
through many varieties, which will be moie fully described in
a later chapter, are in universal use.
Representations of the human figure are practically unknown,
but models of animals of a rude and primitive kind are
very common, probably being votive ofterings. These are
closely ])ara]lel to the bronze figures found at Olympia, where
repi'esentations of the human figure are still
comparatively rare.
'
The best known cemeteries are tliose of Boloj^nia, Villanova, Este,
(H)lasecca, Tre/.zo, Kivoli, Oppiano. See Montelius, nj). cit., an invaluable
work of wliicli I have made much use ;
see also various pajiers of tlie eminent
10 11 12
"
I'rof. I'ifiorini .\iiticliite italiche del : tipu di Villanova nel circondario di
liimini" {Iliillrttiiid eiioilo di Villanova I'ajipresentanti la
TliL' speciniinis here tiguicil are nil in the Ihitish Musiniin ((rit'ck and
ti},'ura umana o la casa " (I'dlrtnol. it.. IS'.)."), jip. 2;i3 (li.
'
Eoinan Anti(i.). Tht; exact locality of each is unknown. Tlicy are from tho
-
Montelius, op. cit., pis. Ixxvi., Ix.wii., Ixxxii., Ixxxvii., xcv. ;
are from liologna.
Tt'inplc aii'l other colleetiouH. all nf these