Teaching With the Brain in Mind

Emotions (cont’d)
measurement of, 73, 73f
as mind-body states, 75–78, 77f–78f, 93–94
pathways of, 73–75, 74f, 79
Western culture and, 71–72
Endorphin, definition of, 116
Energy, brain’s use of, 10
Enkephalin, definition of, 116
Enrichment, of educational environment, 32–40, 33f, 35f
and brain structure, 31f, 31–32
for “gifted and talented,” 32
Entorhinal cortex, during REM sleep, 25
Environment
of classroom, 39. See also Enrichment, of educational
environment
vs. genetics, 21, 29–30
Episodic memory, 106–107, 110–111
Event recall process, 106–107
Excitatory neurotransmitters, 13, 65
Exercise. See Motor development/stimulation
Explicit learning, 97
Explicit memory, 104–107, 109–110
External rewards, vs. internal rewards, 65
“Factory model,” of education, 1–2
Factual memory, 104–106
Feedback
and attention pathways, 43
and emotional pathways, 74
interactive, in educational environment, 32–33, 33f, 39,
67–69
fMRI (functional MRI), 2, 3f
Food. See Nutrition, and brain functioning
Forgetfulness, 106. See also Retrieval, of memory
Fornix, definition of, 116
Frontal lobes, 8, 9f, 75–78
and attention deficit, 49
definition of, 116
and movement sequences, 85
and positive thinking, 64
Functional areas, of brain, 9, 9f
Functional MRI (fMRI), 2, 3f
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 13
definition of, 116
and internal reward system, 65
Genetics
vs. environment, 21, 29–30
and internal reward system, 65
of memory, 14
“Genius” behavior, and neural connectivity, 15–16
“Gifted and talented,” enriched environments for, 32
129
Glial cells, 10–11, 11f
definition of, 117
Glucose, metabolization of, 32, 36
and attention deficit, 19
and stress, 19
Glutamate, 13, 117
Goal-setting
and movement, 88
and student motivation, 64, 67, 78, 93
Habit memory, 107–108
Hemispheres, in brain. See Lateralization
Hippocampus, 9, 10f, 13
definition of, 117
effect of cortisol on, 53
and memory formation, 100, 104, 106
during REM sleep, 25
stress effect on, 86
Hormones, stress
and attention, 44
and early brain development, 19, 23, 65
and feelings of competence, 36
and learning, 53–55, 57f
reduction of, 59–61, 86
in social situations, 54
and thirst, 26
Hypothalamic reward system, in brain, 65
Hypothalamus, 9, 10f
definition of, 117
Illness, and chronic stress, 53
Imaging, of brain, 2, 3f, 43
Immune system, effect of stress on, 53
Implicit learning, 97
Implicit memory, 107–109
Inattention, role of, 45–48, 47f
Indexes, for word-based recall, 102–103
Industrial Revolution, and educational models, 1–2
Information Age
and educational models, 2
and search for meaning, 90–91
Inhibitory neurotransmitters, 13, 65
Inner ear. See Vestibular system
Integrated thematic instruction, and pattern-seeking,
96
Intelligence, and synaptic connections, 15–16
Interactive feedback, in educational environment, 32–33,
33f, 39, 67–69
Interdisciplinary curriculum, 96
Internal rewards, vs. external rewards, 65, 66f
Interneurons. See Glial cells
Introspection, and information processing, 47, 80–81
Index