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Neuroscience, development of, 2<br />
Neurotransmitters, 4–5, 12–13<br />
and attention, 44<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternal reward system, 65, 66f, 67<br />
and memory retrieval, 106<br />
and music, 37<br />
Neurotropic factors, 59, 86<br />
Neurotrop<strong>in</strong>s<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
and exercise, 85–86<br />
NMDA receptor<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternal reward system, 65<br />
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternal reward system, 65<br />
NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imagery), 2, 3f<br />
Noradrenal<strong>in</strong>e, 15, 76f<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
and problem solv<strong>in</strong>g, 36<br />
and stress response, 65<br />
Norep<strong>in</strong>ephr<strong>in</strong>e<br />
and attention, 44, 49, 93<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternal motivation, 67<br />
and memory, 102<br />
Novelty<br />
<strong>in</strong> educational environment, 32, 50–51, 94<br />
human tendency to seek, 63–64<br />
and memory recall, 106<br />
Nuclear magnetic resonance imagery (NMRI), 2, 3f<br />
Nutrition, and bra<strong>in</strong> function<strong>in</strong>g, 10, 25–28, 27f<br />
Occipital lobe, 8, 9f<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
Oleamide, and sleep patterns, 24<br />
Olfactory memory, 107<br />
Opiates, as <strong>in</strong>ternal rewards, 65<br />
Oxygen, and bra<strong>in</strong> function<strong>in</strong>g, 10<br />
Oxytoc<strong>in</strong>, def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
Paradigm shift, <strong>in</strong> education, 1–2<br />
Parietal lobe, 8–9, 9f<br />
and attentional shifts, 43<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 117<br />
Pathways<br />
attentional, 42–44, 43f<br />
axon-synapse-dendrite, 12f, 12–13<br />
emotional, 73–75, 74f, 79<br />
memory, 103, 103f, 107<br />
Pattern-mak<strong>in</strong>g, and search for mean<strong>in</strong>g, 92, 95–97<br />
Peptides<br />
and attention, 44<br />
131<br />
Peptides (cont’d)<br />
and behavior, 15, 75, 77f<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 118<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternal motivation, 67<br />
and learn<strong>in</strong>g, 53<br />
and memory, 100<br />
PET (positron emission tomography), 3f, 3–4<br />
Pharmaceuticals, bra<strong>in</strong>-alter<strong>in</strong>g, 4–5, 49<br />
Phenylalan<strong>in</strong>e, and memory, 102<br />
Phonemes, 22–23<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 118<br />
Physical education. See also Motor development/stimulation<br />
and learn<strong>in</strong>g, 85–87, 86f<br />
Pons, def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 118<br />
Positron emission tomography (PET), 3f, 3–4<br />
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 53<br />
Predictability<br />
of rewards, 66–67<br />
for stress reduction, 54–55, 69<br />
Prenatal development, and school read<strong>in</strong>ess, 19, 23<br />
Prim<strong>in</strong>g, and attention, 43<br />
Problem solv<strong>in</strong>g, enrichment through, 35–36<br />
Procedural memory, 107–108, 111–112<br />
Process<strong>in</strong>g time, role of, 45–48, 47f<br />
Prozac, and seroton<strong>in</strong> levels, 75<br />
Puberty, sleep patterns dur<strong>in</strong>g, 24–25<br />
Rapid eye movement (REM) state, dur<strong>in</strong>g sleep, 25<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>ess. See School read<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
Read<strong>in</strong>g skills<br />
and dance activities, 85<br />
development of, 23–24, 34<br />
and pitch discrim<strong>in</strong>ation, 37<br />
Recall, of memory, 101–104, 106, 110–112<br />
Reference mean<strong>in</strong>g, 91<br />
Reflection, and <strong>in</strong>formation process<strong>in</strong>g, 47, 80–81<br />
Reflexive memory, 108–109, 112<br />
Relevance<br />
and memory retrieval, 110<br />
and search for mean<strong>in</strong>g, 92–93, 95<br />
REM (rapid eye movement), dur<strong>in</strong>g sleep, 25<br />
Reticular activat<strong>in</strong>g system (RAS), 84<br />
Reticular formation, def<strong>in</strong>ition of, 118<br />
Retrieval, of memory, 101–104, 106, 110–112<br />
Rewards<br />
behaviorism and, 62–63, 65<br />
and bra<strong>in</strong> function, 64–67, 66f<br />
Right hemisphere, of bra<strong>in</strong>, 8. See also Lateralization<br />
Rital<strong>in</strong>, 49–50<br />
Ritual<br />
balanced with novelty, 50–51<br />
for emotional engagement, 80<br />
for stress reduction, 54–55, 67, 69<br />
Index
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