The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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Blockbusting, the subsequent loss of home values when speculatorscaused panic, the subsequent deterioration of neighborhood quality whenAfrican Americans were forced to pay excessive prices for housing, theresulting identification of African Americans with slum conditions, and theresulting white flight to escape the possibility of those conditions all hadtheir bases in federal government policy. Blockbusting could work onlybecause the FHA made certain that African Americans had few alternativeneighborhoods where they could purchase homes at fair market values.
7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATORS
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
Page 59 and 60: twentieth-century segregation. The
Page 61 and 62: American areas in official planning
Page 63 and 64: draw African American families to s
Page 65 and 66: introducing into a neighborhood . .
Page 67 and 68: metropolitan areas today, and what
Page 69 and 70: In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
Page 71 and 72: Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
Page 73 and 74: Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
Page 75 and 76: which modern homes can be built.”
Page 77 and 78: whites-only requirement, racial seg
Page 79 and 80: then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
Page 81 and 82: couldn’t buy into the development
Page 83 and 84: were willing to give these concessi
Page 85 and 86: 1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
Page 87 and 88: listeners that such segregated proj
Page 89 and 90: Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
Page 91 and 92: So increasingly in the twentieth ce
Page 93 and 94: obtained a legal opinion that each
Page 95 and 96: nearby the neighborhood but also lo
Page 97 and 98: and as such violated the Fourteenth
Page 99 and 100: the [two-and-half-month delay].”
Page 101 and 102: for damages against fellow signator
Page 103 and 104: 6WHITE FLIGHT
Page 105 and 106: neighborhood, would cause the value
Page 107 and 108: knocking on doors to see if homes w
Page 109: African Americans in Chicago had be
Page 113 and 114: ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
Page 115 and 116: one of the few times before Shelley
Page 117 and 118: whether to allow it to proceed. It
Page 119 and 120: require the nondiscriminatory appro
Page 121 and 122: subprime loans, and higher-income A
Page 123 and 124: In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
Page 125 and 126: Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
Page 127 and 128: recreational opportunities, a well-
Page 129 and 130: advise its black members in Richmon
Page 131 and 132: formed carpools to share the hundre
Page 133 and 134: wife forged ahead, scaling back the
Page 135 and 136: homes outside the ghetto and theref
Page 137 and 138: overcome the constitutional prohibi
Page 140 and 141: After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
Page 142 and 143: construction on the Eastside of a n
Page 144 and 145: blocks were interspersed in central
Page 146 and 147: a frequent twentieth century slogan
Page 148 and 149: Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
Page 150 and 151: happened that in 1957 an African Am
Page 152 and 153: status than the white neighbors who
Page 154 and 155: Cicero’s council president boaste
Page 156 and 157: Nor can the failure to control mob
Page 158 and 159: A policeman inspects damage after t
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10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
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then these economic policies are al
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to permit African Americans to take
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membership or that segregated them
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African Americans could not promote
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First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
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Joseph James, leader of African Ame
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and agreed to include them on an in
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more than 300 families, mostly Afri
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impossible to know with certainty w
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described how, when his family live
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example, the minimum lot size for h
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11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
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President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
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• We waited too long to try to un
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who helped build Levittown but was
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good to succeed and exhibit more th
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above it. Notwithstanding the gover
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Along with the mortgage interest de
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rented in neighborhoods where the p
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___________* Whether African Americ
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Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
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achievement more difficult. Conside
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obligations. Short of that, we can
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information to do so. Giving suburb
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Of course, no presently constituted
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rule, then any suburb whose African
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housing or low- and moderate-income
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The housing subsidy that the federa
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six of the district’s elementary
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educated household as a result of T
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A New Deal housing agency drew maps
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have been fewer racially exclusive
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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
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specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
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The idea that African Americans the
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duped. Integration cannot wait unti
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it considered school desegregation
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We should not overemphasize the ext
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added to higher incarceration and u
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many low-income Hispanic youth livi
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is rising. Higher rents and propert
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AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
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Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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should be successful with a Court t
Page 252 and 253:
Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
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If there was a question I didn’t
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Petersen, never once complained abo
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FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
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Negro?” The agent answered, “No
Page 262 and 263:
Americans, was constructed in a nei
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Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
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p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
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Americans as Reconstruction ended.
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understand how Roosevelt planned to
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Grumman during the war, then formed
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p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
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$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
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group of neighborhoods that were in
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solely for charitable, religious, o
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studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
Page 284 and 285:
African American workers when the p
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the personnel manager of a Fremont
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persuasive to an all-white jury, an
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p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
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The floor leader for the Fair Housi
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wage immigrants, and because lower-
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Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
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p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
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“appreciated the difficulties of
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BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
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crisis that we can, if we have the
Page 306 and 307:
Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
Page 308 and 309:
Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311:
Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
Page 312 and 313:
Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
Page 314 and 315:
Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
Page 316 and 317:
Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
Page 318 and 319:
———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
Page 320 and 321:
Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
Page 322 and 323:
Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
Page 324 and 325:
Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
Page 326 and 327:
Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329:
San Francisco Office of the America
Page 330 and 331:
———. 2004. Class and Schools:
Page 332 and 333:
Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335:
Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
Page 336 and 337:
Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
Page 338 and 339:
Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
Page 340 and 341:
72 The Veterans Administration subs
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INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
Page 344 and 345:
school placement decisions, 134-36A
Page 346 and 347:
violence against movers, 146Bridgep
Page 348 and 349:
CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
Page 350 and 351:
Country Club District (Kansas City)
Page 352 and 353:
FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
Page 354 and 355:
Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
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Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
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Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
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Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
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National Association of Real Estate
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Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
Page 366 and 367:
during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
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litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
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see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
Page 372 and 373:
see also specific states and locali
Page 374 and 375:
UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377:
mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
Page 378:
Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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