The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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Copyright © 2017 by Richard RothsteinAll rights reservedFirst EditionFor information about permission to reproduce selections from thisbook, write to Permissions, Liveright Publishing Corporation,a division of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue,New York, NY 10110For information about special discounts for bulk purchases,please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales atspecialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830Book design by Brooke KovenProduction manager: Anna OlerJACKET DESIGN BY STEVE ATTARDOJACKET ART: “ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY,” JUNE 1ST, 1939; COURTESY OF LADALEWINLING / URBANOASIS.ORG / HOLC MAPSISBN 978-1-63149-285-3ISBN 978-1-63149-286-0 (e-book)Liveright Publishing Corporation,500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110www.wwnorton.comW. W. Norton & Company Ltd.,15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
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twentieth-century segregation. The
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American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
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introducing into a neighborhood . .
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metropolitan areas today, and what
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In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
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Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
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Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
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which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
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Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
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So increasingly in the twentieth ce
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obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
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and as such violated the Fourteenth
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the [two-and-half-month delay].”
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for damages against fellow signator
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6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
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African Americans in Chicago had be
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7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
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one of the few times before Shelley
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whether to allow it to proceed. It
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require the nondiscriminatory appro
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subprime loans, and higher-income A
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In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
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Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
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recreational opportunities, a well-
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advise its black members in Richmon
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formed carpools to share the hundre
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wife forged ahead, scaling back the
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homes outside the ghetto and theref
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overcome the constitutional prohibi
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After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
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construction on the Eastside of a n
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blocks were interspersed in central
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a frequent twentieth century slogan
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Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
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happened that in 1957 an African Am
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status than the white neighbors who
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Cicero’s council president boaste
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Nor can the failure to control mob
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A policeman inspects damage after t
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10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
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then these economic policies are al
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to permit African Americans to take
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membership or that segregated them
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African Americans could not promote
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First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
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Joseph James, leader of African Ame
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and agreed to include them on an in
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more than 300 families, mostly Afri
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impossible to know with certainty w
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described how, when his family live
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example, the minimum lot size for h
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11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
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President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
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• We waited too long to try to un
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who helped build Levittown but was
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good to succeed and exhibit more th
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above it. Notwithstanding the gover
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Along with the mortgage interest de
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rented in neighborhoods where the p
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___________* Whether African Americ
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Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
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achievement more difficult. Conside
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obligations. Short of that, we can
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information to do so. Giving suburb
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Of course, no presently constituted
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rule, then any suburb whose African
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housing or low- and moderate-income
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The housing subsidy that the federa
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six of the district’s elementary
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educated household as a result of T
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A New Deal housing agency drew maps
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have been fewer racially exclusive
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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
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specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
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The idea that African Americans the
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duped. Integration cannot wait unti
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it considered school desegregation
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We should not overemphasize the ext
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added to higher incarceration and u
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many low-income Hispanic youth livi
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is rising. Higher rents and propert
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AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
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Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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should be successful with a Court t
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Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
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If there was a question I didn’t
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Petersen, never once complained abo
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FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
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Negro?” The agent answered, “No
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Americans, was constructed in a nei
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Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
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p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
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Americans as Reconstruction ended.
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understand how Roosevelt planned to
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Grumman during the war, then formed
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p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
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$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
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group of neighborhoods that were in
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solely for charitable, religious, o
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studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
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African American workers when the p
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the personnel manager of a Fremont
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persuasive to an all-white jury, an
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p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
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The floor leader for the Fair Housi
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wage immigrants, and because lower-
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Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
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p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
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“appreciated the difficulties of
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BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
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crisis that we can, if we have the
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Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
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Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311:
Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
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Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
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Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
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Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
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———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
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Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
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Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
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Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
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Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329: San Francisco Office of the America
Page 330 and 331: ———. 2004. Class and Schools:
Page 332 and 333: Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335: Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
Page 336 and 337: Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
Page 338 and 339: Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
Page 340 and 341: 72 The Veterans Administration subs
Page 342 and 343: INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
Page 344 and 345: school placement decisions, 134-36A
Page 346 and 347: violence against movers, 146Bridgep
Page 348 and 349: CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
Page 350 and 351: Country Club District (Kansas City)
Page 352 and 353: FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
Page 354 and 355: Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
Page 356 and 357: Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
Page 358 and 359: Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
Page 360 and 361: Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
Page 362 and 363: National Association of Real Estate
Page 364 and 365: Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
Page 366 and 367: during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
Page 368 and 369: litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
Page 370 and 371: see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
Page 372 and 373: see also specific states and locali
Page 374 and 375: UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377: mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
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The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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