The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

Estate Exchange notified brokers and agents that “no Member of
our Board may, directly or indirectly, sell to Negroes . . . unless
there are three separate and distinct buildings in such block already
occupied by Negroes. . . . This rule is of long standing [and is our
interpretation of] the Code of Ethics of the National Association of
Real Estate Boards.” The Missouri State Real Estate Commission
considered that brokers were guilty of professional misconduct and
subject to loss of license if they sold to African Americans in white
neighborhoods. Note to p. 12, 2 describes the general fear among
real estate agents south of San Francisco during the 1950s that they
would be “blackballed” if they sold to African Americans in white
neighborhoods. In 1963, the Sarasota, Florida, Real Estate Board
expelled a member for selling a home to an African American
physician in a white neighborhood.
CHAPTER 7:
IRS Support and Compliant Regulators
p. 100 When a few African Americans moved into the white middle-class
neighborhood of Park Hill in Denver, real estate agents undertook a
campaign to panic homeowners to sell at a discount. The agents
then resold the homes to African Americans at a premium. Joni
Noel, a white Denver schoolteacher who grew up in Park Hill, told
me that in the late 1950s and early 1960s, real estate agents “were
insistent and obnoxious. They called, they left cards. They knocked
on the door. They mailed flyers. They had neighborhood meetings
at schools, churches, and lodges. They made it very clear as they
were pounding the For Sale signs in the ground next door and
down the street that if we didn’t move we would be left in a ghetto
and our home would be worthless and our lives would be in
danger.” This activity could not have been unknown to the
Colorado real estate licensing agency, but it took no action.
p. 102, 2 Spratt 1970.
p. 102, 3 Coleman 1982, 31–32.
p. 103, 1 Bob Jones University v. United States 1983, 586 (n. 24); Coleman
1982, 86, 127. The income tax system established by the Revenue
Act of 1913, whose relevant provisions continue to this day,
exempted from taxation churches, universities, and other
“corporations, companies, or associations organized and conducted