The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

Negro?” The agent answered, “No; not in a white area, or we
would be blackballed by other realtors.”
p. 13, 1 Leler and Leler 1960.
p. 13, 3 Williams 1960a, 11; Alsberg 1960, 638–39.
CHAPTER 2:
Public Housing, Black Ghettos
p. 17, 2 Sard and Fischer 2008, 16 (fig. 6), Technical Appendix tables 2b,
3b2; Atlas and Dreier 1994. As of 2008, nearly one-third of all
public housing units nationwide were in low-poverty
neighborhoods (where fewer than 20 percent of households were
poor). Only one-fourth of all units were in high-poverty
neighborhoods (where more than 40 percent of households were
poor). By 2008, of metropolitan area public housing units outside
New York City, only 9 percent were in projects with more than 500
units, and one-third were in projects with 100 units or fewer.
However, of the 9 percent of units in large projects, two-thirds
were in high-poverty neighborhoods. Of the one-third in projects
with 100 units or fewer, only 10 percent were in high-poverty
neighborhoods.
In 1935, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes described the
nation’s first civilian public housing as “intended to be selfliquidating.
With the exception of [a few projects], the money used
in financing this low-cost housing will be returned to the Treasury
through the collection of rents.” As time went on, the proportion of
subsidized to unsubsidized projects grew, but construction of
middle-class projects continued for another two decades.
p. 18, 1 Bloom 2008, 8, 176–77, 209; NYCHA 1970; Vale 2002, 24–25,
74–80, 102.
p. 18, 2 Ben-Joseph online; Dunn-Haley 1995, 38ff; Jackson 1985, 192;
Donohue 2014–15. The U.S. Housing Corporation (USHC), the
federal agency with responsibility for war worker housing in the
First World War, built projects for whites only in Bremerton,
Washington; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Camden, New Jersey;
Chester, Pennsylvania; Kohler, Wisconsin; Mare Island, California;
and Wilmington, Delaware, to name a few. It is possible that some
of the projects were all white because there were few African