The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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Joseph James, leader of African American shipyard workers in the San Francisco BayArea, singing the national anthem at a launching in 1943. Yet his union denied him thechance for promotion, and he received few fringe benefits.
In 1943 at the Marinship yard in Sausalito, where workers’ dormitorieshad been unintentionally integrated after recruits arrived too rapidly to beseparated by race, half of the African American workers refused to pay duesto the segregated branch of the Boilermakers. The union then demanded thatMarinship dismiss the delinquent African Americans, and the shipyardcomplied. The California attorney general and the navy admiral in charge ofthe area’s shipbuilding pressed the workers to abandon their protest andrejoin the segregated auxiliary, but when they refused, the officials urgedMarinship, without success, to cancel the layoffs.At an FEPC hearing, the union argued that it was in full compliance withthe president’s order because no African American was denied work if hepaid his dues, the same requirement that applied to whites. The FEPCrejected this claim but suspended the ruling pending a company appeal. Theblack Marinship workers then sued, but a federal judge concluded that theworkers had no relevant rights under the “federal constitution or any federalstatutes.”The African Americans then took their case to California state courts,where a judge suspended the firings, pending a company appeal. Eventually,in 1945, the California Supreme Court upheld the order, stating inunprecedented language that racial discrimination is “contrary to the publicpolicy of the United States and this state.” The Boilermakers complied withthe decisions, but they had come too late. At the time of the CaliforniaSupreme Court ruling, 25,000 African Americans worked in area shipyards,but the war was ending. Eight months later, the number had dropped to12,000, and in another nine months, the shipyards shut down and virtuallyall its employees were laid off.The FEPC was similarly ineffective elsewhere. Lockheed and NorthAmerican Aviation in Los Angeles and Boeing in Seattle only hired AfricanAmericans as janitors; when labor shortages forced these defense contractorsto open other categories, the companies denied equal compensation and jobrights to the black workers. In Kansas City, Standard Steel responded to theFEPC by saying, “We have not had a Negro working in twenty-five yearsand do not plan to start now.” In St. Louis, the Small Arms AmmunitionPlant employed 40,000 workers at the height of World War II and initiallyrefused to hire African Americans. It responded to civil rightsdemonstrations by setting up a segregated production line for black workers
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
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twentieth-century segregation. The
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American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
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introducing into a neighborhood . .
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metropolitan areas today, and what
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In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
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Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
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Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
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which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
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Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
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So increasingly in the twentieth ce
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obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
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and as such violated the Fourteenth
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the [two-and-half-month delay].”
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for damages against fellow signator
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6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
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African Americans in Chicago had be
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7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
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one of the few times before Shelley
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whether to allow it to proceed. It
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require the nondiscriminatory appro
Page 121 and 122: subprime loans, and higher-income A
Page 123 and 124: In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
Page 125 and 126: Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
Page 127 and 128: recreational opportunities, a well-
Page 129 and 130: advise its black members in Richmon
Page 131 and 132: formed carpools to share the hundre
Page 133 and 134: wife forged ahead, scaling back the
Page 135 and 136: homes outside the ghetto and theref
Page 137 and 138: overcome the constitutional prohibi
Page 140 and 141: After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
Page 142 and 143: construction on the Eastside of a n
Page 144 and 145: blocks were interspersed in central
Page 146 and 147: a frequent twentieth century slogan
Page 148 and 149: Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
Page 150 and 151: happened that in 1957 an African Am
Page 152 and 153: status than the white neighbors who
Page 154 and 155: Cicero’s council president boaste
Page 156 and 157: Nor can the failure to control mob
Page 158 and 159: A policeman inspects damage after t
Page 160 and 161: 10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
Page 162 and 163: then these economic policies are al
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Page 166 and 167: membership or that segregated them
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Page 170 and 171: First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
Page 174 and 175: and agreed to include them on an in
Page 176 and 177: more than 300 families, mostly Afri
Page 178 and 179: impossible to know with certainty w
Page 180 and 181: described how, when his family live
Page 182 and 183: example, the minimum lot size for h
Page 184 and 185: 11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
Page 186 and 187: President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
Page 188 and 189: • We waited too long to try to un
Page 190 and 191: who helped build Levittown but was
Page 192 and 193: good to succeed and exhibit more th
Page 194 and 195: above it. Notwithstanding the gover
Page 196 and 197: Along with the mortgage interest de
Page 198 and 199: rented in neighborhoods where the p
Page 200 and 201: ___________* Whether African Americ
Page 202 and 203: Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
Page 204 and 205: achievement more difficult. Conside
Page 206 and 207: obligations. Short of that, we can
Page 208 and 209: information to do so. Giving suburb
Page 210 and 211: Of course, no presently constituted
Page 212 and 213: rule, then any suburb whose African
Page 214 and 215: housing or low- and moderate-income
Page 216 and 217: The housing subsidy that the federa
Page 218 and 219: six of the district’s elementary
Page 220 and 221: educated household as a result of T
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A New Deal housing agency drew maps
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have been fewer racially exclusive
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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
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specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
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The idea that African Americans the
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duped. Integration cannot wait unti
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it considered school desegregation
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We should not overemphasize the ext
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added to higher incarceration and u
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many low-income Hispanic youth livi
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is rising. Higher rents and propert
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AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
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Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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should be successful with a Court t
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Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
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If there was a question I didn’t
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Petersen, never once complained abo
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FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
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Negro?” The agent answered, “No
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Americans, was constructed in a nei
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Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
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p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
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Americans as Reconstruction ended.
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understand how Roosevelt planned to
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Grumman during the war, then formed
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p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
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$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
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group of neighborhoods that were in
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solely for charitable, religious, o
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studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
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African American workers when the p
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the personnel manager of a Fremont
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persuasive to an all-white jury, an
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p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
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The floor leader for the Fair Housi
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wage immigrants, and because lower-
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Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
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p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
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“appreciated the difficulties of
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BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
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crisis that we can, if we have the
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Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
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Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311:
Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
Page 312 and 313:
Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
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Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
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Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
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———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
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Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
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Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
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Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
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Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329:
San Francisco Office of the America
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———. 2004. Class and Schools:
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Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335:
Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
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Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
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Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
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72 The Veterans Administration subs
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INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
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school placement decisions, 134-36A
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violence against movers, 146Bridgep
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CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
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Country Club District (Kansas City)
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FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
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Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
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Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
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Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
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Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
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National Association of Real Estate
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Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
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during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
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litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
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see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
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see also specific states and locali
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UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377:
mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
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Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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