The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

temporary war housing, compared to about 50 percent of the white
population.
p. 7, 1 Moore 2000, 89; White 1956, 2.
p. 7, 2 Wenkert 1967, 24–26; Johnson 1993, 129.
p. 8, 1 Stevenson 2007, 1-00:36:13; Moore 2007, 77; NPS online. The
plant has been converted by the National Park Service into the
Rosie the Riveter World War II Homefront National Historical
Park, mostly commemorating the women who worked there during
the war (and who were fired or pressured to quit when army
veterans returned looking for jobs).
p. 9, 1 PG&E 1954, 2; Grier and Grier 1962, 4; Munzel 2015.
p. 10, 3 As whites left Richmond, the African American population grew to
nearly half the city total by 1980. Since then it has declined and is
now less than a quarter. African Americans have been supplanted
both by low-income Hispanic immigrants and by affluent whites
who have been driving up rents in parts of the city, making those
neighborhoods unaffordable for low-income families. Many
African Americans have left, to disperse not into integrated
communities but into new increasingly African American suburbs,
like Antioch.
p. 10, 4 Stegner 1947; Benson 1996, 153; Friend and Lund 1974, 19–22;
Treib and Imbert 1997, 150.
p. 12, 2 Leppert 1959, 657; Williams 1960a, 11; Alsberg 1960, 637;
Johnson 1960, 722, 725; German, 1955; Williams 1960b, 483.
Although I have no direct evidence (e.g., a board resolution) that
the real estate board had an official “blackballing” policy applied
to agents who sold to African Americans in white neighborhoods,
several witnesses at the 1960 U.S. Civil Rights Commission
hearings in San Francisco reiterated that agents refused to sell to
African Americans from a belief that blackballing would follow.
Franklin Williams, a California assistant attorney general, stated
that “several [brokers or agents] have told us of their fear of being
‘blackballed’ or otherwise ostracized if they practiced democracy
in their business.” Williams also described that many agents
believed that their real estate board deemed selling to African
Americans in white neighborhoods to be an “unethical” practice,
subjecting the violator to expulsion from the board. In a survey of
area real estate agents, one was asked, “Can’t you sell a home to a