The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

group of neighborhoods that were integrating, and the other half in
a control group of neighborhoods that were all white. In a 1960
report, he stated that in 41 percent of the cases, prices in the test
group and control group remained similar. In 44 percent, prices in
the test group moved higher than those in the control group. In 15
percent, prices in the test group declined relative to those in the
control group. Laurenti also reviewed studies of Chicago, Detroit,
Kansas City, and Portland (Oregon) and found similar trends. He
observed that frequently the social status of African Americans
moving into white neighborhoods was higher than that of their new
white neighbors.
p. 95, 1 “Vitchek” 1962; McPherson 1972; Colby 2012, 75; Baxandall and
Ewen 2000, 183–86; Sugrue 1995, 560.
p. 97, 1 Satter 2009; Satter 2009b, 2, 8.
p. 97, 2 McPherson 1972; “Vitchek” 1962; Seligman 2005. I am aware of
no nationwide study documenting where the contract-buying
system was prevalent. The cities listed here have been identified in
city-specific studies. “Norris Vitchek” stated that blockbusting was
prevalent in Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland, Detroit, New York City,
Philadelphia, St. Louis, Washington, D.C., “and other cities and in
some of their suburbs” as well as in Chicago. He does not
specifically say, however, that the blockbusting system included
contract sales in all those cities, although the inflated prices to
which homes were sold to African Americans, and the refusal of
banks to issue conventional or FHA-insured mortgages to African
American buyers, makes it likely that it did. Seligman 2005 refers
to blockbusting in Buffalo. For additional discussion of contract
buying, see also Coates 2014.
p. 98, 1 Satter 2004, 42; Greenberg 1959, 301; Sugrue 1993, 112; Drake
and Cayton, 1945 (rev. and enlarged, 1962), 179; Taylor 1994, 180;
Gordon 2008, 84–86; Moore 1963. Nationwide, local real estate
boards generally threatened to expel agents and brokers if they sold
to African Americans in white neighborhoods. A number of actual
expulsions, without any reaction from state regulatory
commissions, made the threats real. In 1921, the Chicago Real
Estate Board promised that “[i]immediate expulsion . . . will be the
penalty paid by any member who sells a Negro property in a block
where there are only white owners.” In 1948 the Seattle Real Estate
Board expelled a member for selling a home in a white
neighborhood to an interracial couple. In 1955, the St. Louis Real