The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sources online continually evolves, and the locationof specific documents can often change. For this reason, while many citedsources are available online, I have not attempted to provide specific Webaddresses. Rather, I have trusted that the citations provide sufficientinformation for readers to search for documents with little difficulty. Nosource citations are provided for easily accessible Census, Bureau of LaborStatistics, and school district data. In a few cases where a document isavailable only online and I judged that finding it might be difficult, I haveprovided a Web address, but I can only warrant that it was accurate shortlybefore this book went to press.A theme of The Color of Law has been that the many aspects of de juresegregation were once well known, but we have suppressed memories ofthis history because addressing it seems too daunting. It has been thepurpose of this book to reacquaint readers with this evidence. As the sourcecitations indicate, some of the research that went into the book was original,
but mostly I’ve simply summarized existing, though no longer popular,literature.Two older works provided an overview of de jure segregation thathelped me frame my subsequent research and argument that brings togetherthe many facets of de jure segregation. They are underrepresented in thesource citations, but readers should be aware that I relied heavily on them todevelop a framework for the argument. In many cases, it was these booksthat led me to more detailed sources.Two overviews influenced me the most: Robert Weaver’s The NegroGhetto (1948) and James A. Kushner’s book-length law review article,“Apartheid in America” (1980). I read these early in my research andcannot overly stress the extent to which each framed my subsequentresearch and argument. Kenneth Jackson’s Crabgrass Frontier (1985)called attention to the role of the FHA in creating whites-only suburbs, notonly through its individual mortgage insurance program but with itsfinancing of large-scale developments of segregated housing. Mostscholarship in this field can be traced back to this seminal work and toDouglas Massey and Nancy Denton’s American Apartheid (1993). Twomore recent books on the history of segregation in individual cities alsohelped me develop the overview for this book: Arnold R. Hirsch’s Makingthe Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940–1960, originallypublished in 1983 and then updated in 1998; and Thomas J. Sugrue’s TheOrigins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit(1996).My citations of these six sources cannot adequately convey my debt tothem. Readers interested in delving more deeply into the themes of TheColor of Law would be well advised to familiarize themselves with theseworks before attempting to track down the more narrowly focused itemslisted in the Bibliography.I also recommend Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: MassIncarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. Residential segregationunderpins our racial problems today, and the mass incarceration of youngblack men, often without sufficient cause, is the most serious. Integratingthe nation residentially is a long-term project, but the criminal justicesystem’s targeting of young men living in black neighborhoods is an urgent
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
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twentieth-century segregation. The
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American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
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introducing into a neighborhood . .
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metropolitan areas today, and what
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In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
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Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
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Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
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which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
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Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
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So increasingly in the twentieth ce
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obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
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and as such violated the Fourteenth
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the [two-and-half-month delay].”
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for damages against fellow signator
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6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
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African Americans in Chicago had be
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7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
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one of the few times before Shelley
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whether to allow it to proceed. It
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require the nondiscriminatory appro
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subprime loans, and higher-income A
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In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
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Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
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recreational opportunities, a well-
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advise its black members in Richmon
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formed carpools to share the hundre
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wife forged ahead, scaling back the
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homes outside the ghetto and theref
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overcome the constitutional prohibi
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After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
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construction on the Eastside of a n
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blocks were interspersed in central
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a frequent twentieth century slogan
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Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
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happened that in 1957 an African Am
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status than the white neighbors who
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Cicero’s council president boaste
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Nor can the failure to control mob
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A policeman inspects damage after t
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10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
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then these economic policies are al
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to permit African Americans to take
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membership or that segregated them
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African Americans could not promote
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First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
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Joseph James, leader of African Ame
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and agreed to include them on an in
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more than 300 families, mostly Afri
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impossible to know with certainty w
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described how, when his family live
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example, the minimum lot size for h
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11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
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President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
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• We waited too long to try to un
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who helped build Levittown but was
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good to succeed and exhibit more th
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above it. Notwithstanding the gover
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Along with the mortgage interest de
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rented in neighborhoods where the p
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___________* Whether African Americ
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Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
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achievement more difficult. Conside
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obligations. Short of that, we can
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information to do so. Giving suburb
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Of course, no presently constituted
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rule, then any suburb whose African
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housing or low- and moderate-income
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The housing subsidy that the federa
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six of the district’s elementary
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educated household as a result of T
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A New Deal housing agency drew maps
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have been fewer racially exclusive
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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
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specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
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The idea that African Americans the
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duped. Integration cannot wait unti
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it considered school desegregation
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We should not overemphasize the ext
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added to higher incarceration and u
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many low-income Hispanic youth livi
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is rising. Higher rents and propert
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AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
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Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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should be successful with a Court t
Page 252 and 253: Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
Page 254 and 255: If there was a question I didn’t
Page 256 and 257: Petersen, never once complained abo
Page 258 and 259: FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
Page 260 and 261: Negro?” The agent answered, “No
Page 262 and 263: Americans, was constructed in a nei
Page 264 and 265: Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
Page 266 and 267: p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
Page 268 and 269: Americans as Reconstruction ended.
Page 270 and 271: understand how Roosevelt planned to
Page 272 and 273: Grumman during the war, then formed
Page 274 and 275: p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
Page 276 and 277: $2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
Page 278 and 279: group of neighborhoods that were in
Page 280 and 281: solely for charitable, religious, o
Page 282 and 283: studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
Page 284 and 285: African American workers when the p
Page 286 and 287: the personnel manager of a Fremont
Page 288 and 289: persuasive to an all-white jury, an
Page 290 and 291: p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
Page 292 and 293: The floor leader for the Fair Housi
Page 294 and 295: wage immigrants, and because lower-
Page 296 and 297: Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
Page 298 and 299: p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
Page 300 and 301: “appreciated the difficulties of
Page 304 and 305: crisis that we can, if we have the
Page 306 and 307: Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
Page 308 and 309: Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311: Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
Page 312 and 313: Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
Page 314 and 315: Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
Page 316 and 317: Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
Page 318 and 319: ———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
Page 320 and 321: Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
Page 322 and 323: Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
Page 324 and 325: Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
Page 326 and 327: Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329: San Francisco Office of the America
Page 330 and 331: ———. 2004. Class and Schools:
Page 332 and 333: Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335: Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
Page 336 and 337: Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
Page 338 and 339: Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
Page 340 and 341: 72 The Veterans Administration subs
Page 342 and 343: INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
Page 344 and 345: school placement decisions, 134-36A
Page 346 and 347: violence against movers, 146Bridgep
Page 348 and 349: CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
Page 350 and 351: Country Club District (Kansas City)
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FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
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Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
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Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
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Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
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Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
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National Association of Real Estate
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Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
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during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
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litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
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see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
Page 372 and 373:
see also specific states and locali
Page 374 and 375:
UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377:
mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
Page 378:
Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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