The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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11. Looking Forward, Looking Back12. Considering FixesEpilogueAppendix: Frequently Asked QuestionsAuthor’s Note and AcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyPhotograph CreditsIndex
PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, riots in places like Ferguson, Baltimore,Milwaukee, or Charlotte captured our attention, most of us thought we knewhow these segregated neighborhoods, with their crime, violence, anger, andpoverty came to be. We said they are “de facto segregated,” that they resultfrom private practices, not from law or government policy.De facto segregation, we tell ourselves, has various causes. When AfricanAmericans moved into a neighborhood like Ferguson, a few raciallyprejudiced white families decided to leave, and then as the number of blackfamilies grew, the neighborhood deteriorated, and “white flight” followed.Real estate agents steered whites away from black neighborhoods, andblacks away from white ones. Banks discriminated with “redlining,”refusing to give mortgages to African Americans or extracting unusuallysevere terms from them with subprime loans. African Americans haven’tgenerally gotten the educations that would enable them to earn sufficientincomes to live in white suburbs, and, as a result, many remain concentrated
Page 3 and 4: THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
Page 5: CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
Page 9 and 10: of slavery. Actions that made Afric
Page 11 and 12: view that an action is not unconsti
Page 13 and 14: Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
Page 15 and 16: segregation doesn’t fall into thi
Page 17 and 18: factors were also involved, we “n
Page 19 and 20: 1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
Page 21 and 22: to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
Page 23 and 24: when Richmond’s black population
Page 25 and 26: workers at different workstations w
Page 27 and 28: reserved for military use, the gove
Page 29 and 30: and other leading California banks
Page 31 and 32: 2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
Page 33 and 34: ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
Page 35 and 36: took office. The PWA’s goal was t
Page 37 and 38: Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
Page 39 and 40: played a particularly important rol
Page 41 and 42: be addressed to African Americans,
Page 43 and 44: dormitories for single men, and the
Page 45 and 46: Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
Page 47 and 48: did not apply to housing. In 1955,
Page 49 and 50: cease building public housing altog
Page 51 and 52: * In New York City an unusually lar
Page 53 and 54: St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
Page 55 and 56: the state’s public universities,
Page 57 and 58:
basement toilets were constructed f
Page 59 and 60:
twentieth-century segregation. The
Page 61 and 62:
American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
Page 65 and 66:
introducing into a neighborhood . .
Page 67 and 68:
metropolitan areas today, and what
Page 69 and 70:
In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
Page 71 and 72:
Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
Page 73 and 74:
Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
Page 75 and 76:
which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
Page 89 and 90:
Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
Page 91 and 92:
So increasingly in the twentieth ce
Page 93 and 94:
obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
Page 97 and 98:
and as such violated the Fourteenth
Page 99 and 100:
the [two-and-half-month delay].”
Page 101 and 102:
for damages against fellow signator
Page 103 and 104:
6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
Page 109 and 110:
African Americans in Chicago had be
Page 111 and 112:
7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
Page 115 and 116:
one of the few times before Shelley
Page 117 and 118:
whether to allow it to proceed. It
Page 119 and 120:
require the nondiscriminatory appro
Page 121 and 122:
subprime loans, and higher-income A
Page 123 and 124:
In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
Page 125 and 126:
Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
Page 127 and 128:
recreational opportunities, a well-
Page 129 and 130:
advise its black members in Richmon
Page 131 and 132:
formed carpools to share the hundre
Page 133 and 134:
wife forged ahead, scaling back the
Page 135 and 136:
homes outside the ghetto and theref
Page 137 and 138:
overcome the constitutional prohibi
Page 140 and 141:
After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
Page 142 and 143:
construction on the Eastside of a n
Page 144 and 145:
blocks were interspersed in central
Page 146 and 147:
a frequent twentieth century slogan
Page 148 and 149:
Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
Page 150 and 151:
happened that in 1957 an African Am
Page 152 and 153:
status than the white neighbors who
Page 154 and 155:
Cicero’s council president boaste
Page 156 and 157:
Nor can the failure to control mob
Page 158 and 159:
A policeman inspects damage after t
Page 160 and 161:
10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
Page 162 and 163:
then these economic policies are al
Page 164 and 165:
to permit African Americans to take
Page 166 and 167:
membership or that segregated them
Page 168 and 169:
African Americans could not promote
Page 170 and 171:
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
Page 172 and 173:
Joseph James, leader of African Ame
Page 174 and 175:
and agreed to include them on an in
Page 176 and 177:
more than 300 families, mostly Afri
Page 178 and 179:
impossible to know with certainty w
Page 180 and 181:
described how, when his family live
Page 182 and 183:
example, the minimum lot size for h
Page 184 and 185:
11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
Page 186 and 187:
President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
Page 188 and 189:
• We waited too long to try to un
Page 190 and 191:
who helped build Levittown but was
Page 192 and 193:
good to succeed and exhibit more th
Page 194 and 195:
above it. Notwithstanding the gover
Page 196 and 197:
Along with the mortgage interest de
Page 198 and 199:
rented in neighborhoods where the p
Page 200 and 201:
___________* Whether African Americ
Page 202 and 203:
Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
Page 204 and 205:
achievement more difficult. Conside
Page 206 and 207:
obligations. Short of that, we can
Page 208 and 209:
information to do so. Giving suburb
Page 210 and 211:
Of course, no presently constituted
Page 212 and 213:
rule, then any suburb whose African
Page 214 and 215:
housing or low- and moderate-income
Page 216 and 217:
The housing subsidy that the federa
Page 218 and 219:
six of the district’s elementary
Page 220 and 221:
educated household as a result of T
Page 222 and 223:
A New Deal housing agency drew maps
Page 224 and 225:
have been fewer racially exclusive
Page 226 and 227:
APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
Page 228 and 229:
specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
Page 232 and 233:
The idea that African Americans the
Page 234 and 235:
duped. Integration cannot wait unti
Page 236 and 237:
it considered school desegregation
Page 238 and 239:
We should not overemphasize the ext
Page 240 and 241:
added to higher incarceration and u
Page 242 and 243:
many low-income Hispanic youth livi
Page 244 and 245:
is rising. Higher rents and propert
Page 246 and 247:
AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
Page 248 and 249:
Christopher Edley, then dean of the
Page 250 and 251:
should be successful with a Court t
Page 252 and 253:
Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
Page 254 and 255:
If there was a question I didn’t
Page 256 and 257:
Petersen, never once complained abo
Page 258 and 259:
FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
Page 260 and 261:
Negro?” The agent answered, “No
Page 262 and 263:
Americans, was constructed in a nei
Page 264 and 265:
Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
Page 266 and 267:
p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
Page 268 and 269:
Americans as Reconstruction ended.
Page 270 and 271:
understand how Roosevelt planned to
Page 272 and 273:
Grumman during the war, then formed
Page 274 and 275:
p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
Page 276 and 277:
$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
Page 278 and 279:
group of neighborhoods that were in
Page 280 and 281:
solely for charitable, religious, o
Page 282 and 283:
studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
Page 284 and 285:
African American workers when the p
Page 286 and 287:
the personnel manager of a Fremont
Page 288 and 289:
persuasive to an all-white jury, an
Page 290 and 291:
p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
Page 292 and 293:
The floor leader for the Fair Housi
Page 294 and 295:
wage immigrants, and because lower-
Page 296 and 297:
Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
Page 298 and 299:
p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
Page 300 and 301:
“appreciated the difficulties of
Page 302 and 303:
BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
Page 304 and 305:
crisis that we can, if we have the
Page 306 and 307:
Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
Page 308 and 309:
Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311:
Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
Page 312 and 313:
Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
Page 314 and 315:
Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
Page 316 and 317:
Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
Page 318 and 319:
———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
Page 320 and 321:
Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
Page 322 and 323:
Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
Page 324 and 325:
Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
Page 326 and 327:
Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329:
San Francisco Office of the America
Page 330 and 331:
———. 2004. Class and Schools:
Page 332 and 333:
Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335:
Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
Page 336 and 337:
Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
Page 338 and 339:
Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
Page 340 and 341:
72 The Veterans Administration subs
Page 342 and 343:
INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
Page 344 and 345:
school placement decisions, 134-36A
Page 346 and 347:
violence against movers, 146Bridgep
Page 348 and 349:
CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
Page 350 and 351:
Country Club District (Kansas City)
Page 352 and 353:
FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
Page 354 and 355:
Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
Page 356 and 357:
Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
Page 358 and 359:
Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
Page 360 and 361:
Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
Page 362 and 363:
National Association of Real Estate
Page 364 and 365:
Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
Page 366 and 367:
during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
Page 368 and 369:
litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
Page 370 and 371:
see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
Page 372 and 373:
see also specific states and locali
Page 374 and 375:
UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377:
mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
Page 378:
Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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