The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

“appreciated the difficulties of the Germans in this respect but they
did not for a moment agree with the method of solving the problem
which so often ran into utter ruthlessness.”
p. 228, 3 Weaver 1948, 217; Kushner 1979, 599 (n. 118).
p. 229, 4 For whites, the comparable numbers are 38, 44, and 93 percent.
Data on educational attainment are from the U.S. Department of
Education, National Center on Education Statistics. The high
school completion rate includes students who dropped out and
studied for and then took a high school diploma equivalency exam.
This may include some who studied for and took the exam while in
prison. There is some evidence that labor market outcomes for
holders of a diploma equivalent are worse, on average, than
outcomes for holders of regular diplomas. However, if dropouts
disproportionately come from the bottom of the cohort
achievement distribution, then outcomes for holders of equivalency
exams are probably better than those of comparable students who
remained in school and got regular diplomas. Both for those who
took the exam in prison and those who took it without being
incarcerated, studying for the equivalency exam is evidence of
strong motivation and responsibility.
p. 229, 5 Lyons and Pettit 2011, 258; Alexander 2010, 6–7, 97; Braman
2004, 33, using data from the Washington, D.C. Department of
Corrections, estimates that three in four African American men in
that city can expect to spend some time in prison during their
lifetimes.
p. 230, 1 Morsy and Rothstein (2016).
p. 230, 2 Morsy and Rothstein (2015, 19–22) summarize what is known
about racial differences in lead absorption and its effects.
p. 231, 3 Hamilton et al. 2015, 43 (table 16).
p. 231, 4 Wang and Parker 2014, 6, 33, 34.
p. 232, 2 Wang 2012, 9; Merton 1941, 232. Data on marriages of African
Americans in 2010 include heterosexual marriages to non-African
American partners, including whites, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and
Hispanics. A few of these partners were Asian, Native American,
or others, but most were white. In 1941, Robert K. Merton
reported, “In our samples, such pairings [Negro male—white
female] are from three to ten times as frequent as the Negro female
—white male combination.”
p. 234, 1 Wang 2012, 8, 9.