The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

not a useful tool. What we should be most concerned with is the
extent to which African Americans and the white majority live
among one another. By this standard, integration decreased in both
rural and urban areas in every region of the country from 1880 to
1950, when measured by the chances of having an opposite-race
neighbor or by the share of opposite-race residents who lived in a
resident’s neighborhood, i.e., the exposure of whites and blacks to
one another. An analysis of population in ten of the largest
American cities from 1880 to 1940 finds that in 1880, the
neighborhood (block) on which the typical African American lived
was only 15 percent black; by 1910 it was 30 percent, and by 1930,
even after the Great Migration, it was still only about 60 percent
black. By 1940 the local neighborhood where the typical African
American lived was 75 percent black. Another analysis, using a
different definition of neighborhood, found that in 1950 the
average African American nationwide lived in a neighborhood that
was 35 percent white, a figure that remains approximately the same
today.
p. 41, 2 Hennessey 1985, 103–10; Smith 1994, 144–50; Simkins 1944, 63,
270; Kantrowitz 2000, 69, 121, 143; Dew 2000; Kingkade 2015.
These historical accounts differ on the details of how many were
killed, the order of the attacks by the Red Shirts, resistance by
African Americans (who were organized into a militia), actions of
the governor, and the precise location of the events. Older versions
are more sympathetic to Tillman. It can be assumed only that the
text here is approximately correct.
p. 41, 4 Loewen 2005, 9; Lang 1979, 50, 57.
p. 42, 1 Lang, 1979; Ogden 2007.
p. 42, 2 Loewen 2005; Palm Beach online. Explicit town ordinances were
not unknown. The Historical Society of Palm Beach County
reports: “A 1939 Guide to Florida said of Belle Glade, ‘A
municipal ordinance requires that all Negroes, except those
employed within the town, be off the streets by 10:30 p.m. On
Saturdays they are permitted to remain in the business district until
midnight.’ Other towns had similar restrictions.”
p. 42, 3 This book can’t delve into the history of this period in detail, but it
is no secret and has been told by several popular writers. Sixty
years ago, C. Vann Woodward described the growth of segregation
in The Strange Career of Jim Crow. More recently, in Redemption,
Nicholas Lemann recounted the violent suppression of African