The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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violence against movers, 146Bridgeport (CT), government housing for WWI munitions workers, 256n18Bridgman, Howard, 220Bristol (PA), 140Brookline (MA), 78, 79Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, see Randolph, A. Philip; unionsBrown v. Board of Education (1954), xvi, 85, 86, 270n91, 102, 132, 137,228Brown, Edmund C. (Pat), 120, 140, 277n120Brown, George, 81Brown, Michael, 48Buchanan v. Warley (1917), 45–48, 48–49, 51–53, 62, 78, 82, 132, 263n45see also zoning to enforce segregationBuckingham, DeWitt, 80–81Buffalo (NY), 111blockbusting and contract sales, 271n97geographic mobility program, 288n208property tax assessments, 170public housing, 104Building Service Employees Union, see unionsBurger, Chief Justice Warren, 103Burns, Arthur, 131Buskirk, Phil, 276n116Byrnes, James F., 228Cabrini Green Homes (Chicago), 32California, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 30, 37, 73, 120, 140, 147, 165, 211, 277n120courts upheld restrictive covenants in, 81required referendum approval for public housing, 32, 260n32see also Antioch; Berkeley; Culver City; Daly City; East Palo Alto;Fremont; Hayward; Lakewood; Los Angeles; Mare Island; MarinCounty; Milpitas; Mountain View; Palo Alto; Panorama City;Richmond (CA); Rollingwood; San Diego; San Francisco; SanFrancisco Bay Area; San Lorenzo; SausalitoCalifornia Homebuilding Foundation, 276n115
California Real Estate Association, 12California Real Estate Commission, 12Calumet Heights (IL), 203Cambridge (MA), 26Camden (NJ), 129government housing for WWI munitions workers, 256n18capital accumulation, see wealthCapitol Hill Community Club (Seattle), 273n104Carpenter, Martin, 220–21Carr, William J., 290n228CCC, see Civilian Conservation CorpsCedar-Central apartments (Cleveland), 23Central neighborhood (Cleveland), 22–23Charleston (SC), 41racial zoning ordinance, 45Chester (PA), government housing for WWI munitions workers, 256n18Chicago, xvi, 14, 20, 24, 125, 203, 223, 270n94, 272n98, 288n208, 294blockbusting and contract sales, 92, 97–98, 169, 271n97Dan Ryan expressway, 265n65geographic mobility program, 288n208higher housing cost for African Americans, 50, 154, 171, 172–741919 race riot, 144property tax assessments, 170–71public housing, 24, 32, 34, 34–36, 145–46, 242, 258n29restrictive covenants covering, 80, 105, 218, 221, 289n221subprime lending in, 111violence against movers, 143–46Chicago Housing Authority, see Chicago, public housingchild labor, prohibition by New Deal, 4Chrysler Expressway (I–75), see Hamtramckchurches and synagogues, promotion of segregation by, 103–5, 216,272n100Cicero (IL), 145Cincinnati (OH):contract sales, 97geographic mobility program, 288n208
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
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twentieth-century segregation. The
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American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
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introducing into a neighborhood . .
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metropolitan areas today, and what
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In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
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Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
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Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
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which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
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Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
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So increasingly in the twentieth ce
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obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
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and as such violated the Fourteenth
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the [two-and-half-month delay].”
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for damages against fellow signator
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6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
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African Americans in Chicago had be
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7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
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one of the few times before Shelley
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whether to allow it to proceed. It
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require the nondiscriminatory appro
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subprime loans, and higher-income A
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In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
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Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
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recreational opportunities, a well-
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advise its black members in Richmon
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formed carpools to share the hundre
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wife forged ahead, scaling back the
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homes outside the ghetto and theref
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overcome the constitutional prohibi
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After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
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construction on the Eastside of a n
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blocks were interspersed in central
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a frequent twentieth century slogan
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Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
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happened that in 1957 an African Am
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status than the white neighbors who
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Cicero’s council president boaste
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Nor can the failure to control mob
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A policeman inspects damage after t
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10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
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then these economic policies are al
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to permit African Americans to take
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membership or that segregated them
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African Americans could not promote
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First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
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Joseph James, leader of African Ame
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and agreed to include them on an in
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more than 300 families, mostly Afri
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impossible to know with certainty w
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described how, when his family live
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example, the minimum lot size for h
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11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
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President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
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• We waited too long to try to un
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who helped build Levittown but was
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good to succeed and exhibit more th
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above it. Notwithstanding the gover
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Along with the mortgage interest de
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rented in neighborhoods where the p
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___________* Whether African Americ
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Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
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achievement more difficult. Conside
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obligations. Short of that, we can
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information to do so. Giving suburb
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Of course, no presently constituted
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rule, then any suburb whose African
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housing or low- and moderate-income
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The housing subsidy that the federa
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six of the district’s elementary
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educated household as a result of T
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A New Deal housing agency drew maps
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have been fewer racially exclusive
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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
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specialists. These discussions have
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this day, so it is up to our genera
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The idea that African Americans the
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duped. Integration cannot wait unti
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it considered school desegregation
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We should not overemphasize the ext
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added to higher incarceration and u
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many low-income Hispanic youth livi
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is rising. Higher rents and propert
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AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
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Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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should be successful with a Court t
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Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
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If there was a question I didn’t
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Petersen, never once complained abo
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FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
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Negro?” The agent answered, “No
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Americans, was constructed in a nei
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Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
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p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
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Americans as Reconstruction ended.
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understand how Roosevelt planned to
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Grumman during the war, then formed
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p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
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$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
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group of neighborhoods that were in
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solely for charitable, religious, o
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studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
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African American workers when the p
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the personnel manager of a Fremont
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persuasive to an all-white jury, an
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p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
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The floor leader for the Fair Housi
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wage immigrants, and because lower-
Page 296 and 297: Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
Page 298 and 299: p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
Page 300 and 301: “appreciated the difficulties of
Page 302 and 303: BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
Page 304 and 305: crisis that we can, if we have the
Page 306 and 307: Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
Page 308 and 309: Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
Page 310 and 311: Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
Page 312 and 313: Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
Page 314 and 315: Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
Page 316 and 317: Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
Page 318 and 319: ———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
Page 320 and 321: Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
Page 322 and 323: Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
Page 324 and 325: Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
Page 326 and 327: Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
Page 328 and 329: San Francisco Office of the America
Page 330 and 331: ———. 2004. Class and Schools:
Page 332 and 333: Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
Page 334 and 335: Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
Page 336 and 337: Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
Page 338 and 339: Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
Page 340 and 341: 72 The Veterans Administration subs
Page 342 and 343: INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
Page 344 and 345: school placement decisions, 134-36A
Page 348 and 349: CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
Page 350 and 351: Country Club District (Kansas City)
Page 352 and 353: FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
Page 354 and 355: Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
Page 356 and 357: Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
Page 358 and 359: Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
Page 360 and 361: Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
Page 362 and 363: National Association of Real Estate
Page 364 and 365: Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
Page 366 and 367: during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
Page 368 and 369: litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
Page 370 and 371: see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
Page 372 and 373: see also specific states and locali
Page 374 and 375: UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
Page 376 and 377: mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
Page 378: Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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