The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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APPENDIXFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS
In the 1930s and 1940s, University of Chicago trustees (chairman Harold H. Swift,center) instructed chancellor Robert Maynard Hutchins (right) to ensure thatneighborhoods near the campus were segregated. His father, William James Hutchins(left), president of the interracial Berea College in Kentucky, unsuccessfully advised hisson to reject the demand.A DECADE HAS PASSED since I began considering the account this book setsforth. During that time, I’ve consulted with friends, colleagues, and housing
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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY
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CONTENTSPreface1. If San Francisco,
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PREFACEWHEN, FROM 2014 TO 2016, rio
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of slavery. Actions that made Afric
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view that an action is not unconsti
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Most disturbing about Justice Stewa
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segregation doesn’t fall into thi
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factors were also involved, we “n
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1IF SAN FRANCISCO, THENEVERYWHERE?
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to walk. In rural Louisiana in the
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when Richmond’s black population
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workers at different workstations w
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reserved for military use, the gove
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and other leading California banks
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2PUBLIC HOUSING, BLACKGHETTOS
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ITHE FEDERAL government first devel
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took office. The PWA’s goal was t
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Despite the neighborhood’s biraci
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played a particularly important rol
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be addressed to African Americans,
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dormitories for single men, and the
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Liberals, led by Minnesota Senator
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did not apply to housing. In 1955,
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cease building public housing altog
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* In New York City an unusually lar
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St. Louis, 1916. Leaflet urging vot
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the state’s public universities,
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basement toilets were constructed f
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twentieth-century segregation. The
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American areas in official planning
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draw African American families to s
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introducing into a neighborhood . .
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metropolitan areas today, and what
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In 1991, the Environmental Protecti
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Detroit, 1941. The Federal Housing
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Here, too, Secretary of Commerce He
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which modern homes can be built.”
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whites-only requirement, racial seg
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then blacklisted Mr. Cohn, advising
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couldn’t buy into the development
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were willing to give these concessi
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1946 on Houston’s northwest side.
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listeners that such segregated proj
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Daly City, California, 1949. FHA di
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So increasingly in the twentieth ce
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obtained a legal opinion that each
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nearby the neighborhood but also lo
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and as such violated the Fourteenth
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the [two-and-half-month delay].”
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for damages against fellow signator
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6WHITE FLIGHT
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neighborhood, would cause the value
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knocking on doors to see if homes w
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African Americans in Chicago had be
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7IRS SUPPORT AND COMPLIANTREGULATOR
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ITHE IRS has always had an obligati
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one of the few times before Shelley
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whether to allow it to proceed. It
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require the nondiscriminatory appro
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subprime loans, and higher-income A
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In 2008 the City of Cleveland sued
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Miami, 1966. Mayor Chuck Hall sends
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recreational opportunities, a well-
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advise its black members in Richmon
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formed carpools to share the hundre
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wife forged ahead, scaling back the
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homes outside the ghetto and theref
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overcome the constitutional prohibi
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After Miami-Dade mayor Chuck Hall s
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construction on the Eastside of a n
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blocks were interspersed in central
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a frequent twentieth century slogan
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Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1954. A cr
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happened that in 1957 an African Am
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status than the white neighbors who
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Cicero’s council president boaste
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Nor can the failure to control mob
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A policeman inspects damage after t
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10SUPPRESSED INCOMESSausalito, Cali
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then these economic policies are al
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to permit African Americans to take
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membership or that segregated them
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African Americans could not promote
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First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt suppor
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Joseph James, leader of African Ame
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and agreed to include them on an in
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Page 178 and 179: impossible to know with certainty w
Page 180 and 181: described how, when his family live
Page 182 and 183: example, the minimum lot size for h
Page 184 and 185: 11LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKINGBACK
Page 186 and 187: President Kennedy’s 1962 executiv
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Page 192 and 193: good to succeed and exhibit more th
Page 194 and 195: above it. Notwithstanding the gover
Page 196 and 197: Along with the mortgage interest de
Page 198 and 199: rented in neighborhoods where the p
Page 200 and 201: ___________* Whether African Americ
Page 202 and 203: Plano, Texas, 2016. Attorney Elizab
Page 204 and 205: achievement more difficult. Conside
Page 206 and 207: obligations. Short of that, we can
Page 208 and 209: information to do so. Giving suburb
Page 210 and 211: Of course, no presently constituted
Page 212 and 213: rule, then any suburb whose African
Page 214 and 215: housing or low- and moderate-income
Page 216 and 217: The housing subsidy that the federa
Page 218 and 219: six of the district’s elementary
Page 220 and 221: educated household as a result of T
Page 222 and 223: A New Deal housing agency drew maps
Page 224 and 225: have been fewer racially exclusive
Page 228 and 229: specialists. These discussions have
Page 230 and 231: this day, so it is up to our genera
Page 232 and 233: The idea that African Americans the
Page 234 and 235: duped. Integration cannot wait unti
Page 236 and 237: it considered school desegregation
Page 238 and 239: We should not overemphasize the ext
Page 240 and 241: added to higher incarceration and u
Page 242 and 243: many low-income Hispanic youth livi
Page 244 and 245: is rising. Higher rents and propert
Page 246 and 247: AUTHOR’S NOTE ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTSF
Page 248 and 249: Christopher Edley, then dean of the
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Page 252 and 253: Christian Ringdal, then a graduate
Page 254 and 255: If there was a question I didn’t
Page 256 and 257: Petersen, never once complained abo
Page 258 and 259: FRONTISPIECEWhen in his second inau
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Page 262 and 263: Americans, was constructed in a nei
Page 264 and 265: Alancraig 1953, 93-96; Broussard 19
Page 266 and 267: p. 35, 2 In 1987, more than a deca
Page 268 and 269: Americans as Reconstruction ended.
Page 270 and 271: understand how Roosevelt planned to
Page 272 and 273: Grumman during the war, then formed
Page 274 and 275: p. 80, 4 Pates 1948; Claremont Imp
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$2,000 paid to each of eight neighb
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group of neighborhoods that were in
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solely for charitable, religious, o
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studies (e.g., Squires, Hyra, and R
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African American workers when the p
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the personnel manager of a Fremont
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persuasive to an all-white jury, an
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p. 161, 2 Independent Metal Worker
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The floor leader for the Fair Housi
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wage immigrants, and because lower-
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Herbers 1969; Lilley 1970; Bonastia
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p. 212, 3 Kirp 1982, 142-44.APPEND
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“appreciated the difficulties of
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BIBLIOGRAPHYTHE AVAILABILITY OF sou
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crisis that we can, if we have the
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Mayers v. Ridley. 1972. U.S. Court
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Barr, Michael S. 2009. “Community
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Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. Knocki
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Clark, Charles D. 1938. “Federal
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Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cay
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Graves, Donna. 2004. Mapping Richmo
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———. 2000a. “Choosing Segre
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Kantrowitz, Stephen. 2000. Ben Till
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Little (Arthur D. Little, Inc.). 19
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Fargo, Case 2:09-cv-02857-STA-dkv,
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Nixon, Richard. 1973. “Special Me
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San Francisco Office of the America
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———. 2004. Class and Schools:
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Sharkey, Patrick. 2013. Stuck in Pl
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Thompson, David. 2014. “As a UCLA
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Waters, Mary C., and Marisa Gerstei
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Wood, Lewis. 1949. “Truman Puts B
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72 The Veterans Administration subs
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INDEXPage numbers listed correspond
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school placement decisions, 134-36A
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violence against movers, 146Bridgep
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CIO, see unions, Congress of Indust
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Country Club District (Kansas City)
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FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investig
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Guilford (Baltimore County), 171Ham
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Ida B. Wells Homes (Chicago), 24, 2
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Kushner, James A., see “Apartheid
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Massachusetts, see Boston; Brooklin
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National Association of Real Estate
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Ohio, see Cincinnati; Cleveland; To
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during New Deal, frontispiece, ii,
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litigation regarding, 81-82, 85, 89
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see also specific citiesSan Jose (C
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see also specific states and locali
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UAW, see unions, United Auto Worker
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mobility, see mobility, wealthWeave
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Copyright © 2017 by Richard Rothst
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