The Color of Law A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (z-lib.org).epub

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THE COLOROF LAWA FORGOTTEN HISTORY OFHOW OUR GOVERNMENTSEGREGATED AMERICARICHARD ROTHSTEINLIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATIONA Division of W. W. Norton & CompanyINDEPENDENT PUBLISHERS SINCE 1923NEW YORK • LONDON
Page 4 and 5: Frontispiece: Pittsburgh, 1940. Pre
Page 6 and 7: 11. Looking Forward, Looking Back12
Page 8 and 9: in urban neighborhoods. Besides, bl
Page 10 and 11: used this law, rather than the earl
Page 12 and 13: Racial segregation in housing was n
Page 14 and 15: and intangible but nonetheless they
Page 16 and 17: exit. No other term succinctly desc
Page 18 and 19: THE COLOROF LAW
Page 20 and 21: Richmond, California, 1948. African
Page 22 and 23: officially and explicitly segregate
Page 24 and 25: for some of its clubs, coordinated
Page 26 and 27: Because Milpitas had no apartments,
Page 28 and 29: OVER THE next few years, the number
Page 30 and 31: † The Veterans Administration “
Page 32 and 33: Detroit, 1943. A family moves into
Page 34 and 35: model village with 500 comfortable
Page 36 and 37: The first PWA project, the Techwood
Page 38 and 39: included shifting African Americans
Page 40 and 41: Newtowne Court, restricted to white
Page 42 and 43: combination of vacant white units a
Page 44 and 45: few African Americans could find ho
Page 46 and 47: With funds from the 1949 act, massi
Page 48 and 49: BY THE 1960’s, when few white fam
Page 50 and 51: black, were forced out under these
Page 52 and 53:
3RACIAL ZONING
Page 54 and 55:
Confederacy where white paramilitar
Page 56 and 57:
called the prosecutor’s statement
Page 58 and 59:
somewhat above their fellows appear
Page 60 and 61:
Atlanta officials continued to use
Page 62 and 63:
residential, multifamily residentia
Page 64 and 65:
enthusiasm of federal officials for
Page 66 and 67:
when suburbs adopted such ordinance
Page 68 and 69:
Decisions to permit toxic waste fac
Page 70 and 71:
4“OWN YOUR OWN HOME”
Page 72 and 73:
Frequently, the African Americans w
Page 74 and 75:
number nineteen: “Buy partnership
Page 76 and 77:
amortized, meaning that each month
Page 78 and 79:
than if this condition did not exis
Page 80 and 81:
He found lodging in Hempstead, not
Page 82 and 83:
IVAFTER WORLD War II, the newly est
Page 84 and 85:
The Veterans Administration subsidi
Page 86 and 87:
potential buyers were denied FHA or
Page 88 and 89:
5PRIVATE AGREEMENTS,GOVERNMENT ENFO
Page 90 and 91:
or rent to an African American. Typ
Page 92 and 93:
Cities and their suburbs in the Wes
Page 94 and 95:
state action. With this decision to
Page 96 and 97:
Rollingwood subdivision outside Ric
Page 98 and 99:
conviction that property values inv
Page 100 and 101:
After the Supreme Court prohibited
Page 102 and 103:
ones, though without legal authorit
Page 104 and 105:
Chicago, 1970. When federal policy
Page 106 and 107:
African Americans who were willing
Page 108 and 109:
IIITHE FHA’s redlining necessitat
Page 110 and 111:
Blockbusting, the subsequent loss o
Page 112 and 113:
Denver, 1961. When a few African Am
Page 114 and 115:
issue.” But Coleman’s argument
Page 116 and 117:
nearby. The university not only sub
Page 118 and 119:
EVEN WHEN mortgage loans were not i
Page 120 and 121:
closing costs and prepayment penalt
Page 122 and 123:
foreclosure because the lenders who
Page 124 and 125:
8LOCAL TACTICS
Page 126 and 127:
bedroom with a separate entrance, s
Page 128 and 129:
plan for a nominally integrated pro
Page 130 and 131:
fees. The Bohannon group next filed
Page 132 and 133:
their property was, after all, need
Page 134 and 135:
insulate any racially discriminator
Page 136 and 137:
WHILE MANY de jure segregation poli
Page 138:
The court-ordered remedy was constr
Page 141 and 142:
for those forced to relocate by fut
Page 143 and 144:
designed to overcome was no acciden
Page 145 and 146:
In Houston, in the 1920s the city p
Page 147 and 148:
9STATE-SANCTIONED VIOLENCE
Page 149 and 150:
family with protection. Still, the
Page 151 and 152:
constantly under threat, lasted onl
Page 153 and 154:
whites’ use only. The swimmer dro
Page 155 and 156:
ghetto. Some incidents involved mov
Page 157 and 158:
that the people responsible for blo
Page 159 and 160:
identified as a member of the Klan.
Page 161 and 162:
A COMMON EXPLANATION FOR de facto s
Page 163 and 164:
African Americans left the South, m
Page 165 and 166:
officers often refused to hire blac
Page 167 and 168:
supply of white women also exhauste
Page 169 and 170:
these trades that were comparable t
Page 171 and 172:
first chairman. In a speech followi
Page 173 and 174:
In 1943 at the Marinship yard in Sa
Page 175 and 176:
A government-backed dual labor mark
Page 177 and 178:
Each one sets its property tax rate
Page 179 and 180:
In Chicago, excessive taxation also
Page 181 and 182:
nearly twice as many African Americ
Page 183 and 184:
† At the end of World War II, dis
Page 185 and 186:
St. Louis, 1947. To construct its G
Page 187 and 188:
politically difficult, the time req
Page 189 and 190:
toward the end of that period. In t
Page 191 and 192:
THE REDUCTION of discriminatory bar
Page 193 and 194:
quintile. Nearly twice as many (42
Page 195 and 196:
corners to study, and less adequate
Page 197 and 198:
VIACTIONS OF government in housing
Page 199 and 200:
As public housing towers like Pruit
Page 201 and 202:
12CONSIDERING FIXES
Page 203 and 204:
disagreements about public issues.
Page 205 and 206:
REMEDIES THAT can undo nearly a cen
Page 207 and 208:
gives Levittown as an example of su
Page 209 and 210:
George Romney undertook his desegre
Page 211 and 212:
that could spur integration. Again,
Page 213 and 214:
zoning ordinance applies only to a
Page 215 and 216:
average rates were 8 percent. In th
Page 217 and 218:
State policy could also improve the
Page 219 and 220:
Americans in North Richmond, all st
Page 221 and 222:
EPILOGUE
Page 223 and 224:
WHEN CHIEF JUSTICE John Roberts wro
Page 225 and 226:
transportation networks that could
Page 227 and 228:
In the 1930s and 1940s, University
Page 229 and 230:
for elevating a woman who, in the g
Page 231 and 232:
neighborhoods, whether we or our an
Page 233 and 234:
The law partner with whom I spoke m
Page 235 and 236:
Neither the costs nor the benefits
Page 237 and 238:
whites. In 2014, of young (ages 25-
Page 239 and 240:
has helped delay first pregnancies.
Page 241 and 242:
overcrowded apartments. This was th
Page 243 and 244:
Good social policy should facilitat
Page 245 and 246:
concept of remedies to make victims
Page 247 and 248:
Other institutions also helped. In
Page 249 and 250:
systematic and, not so long ago, we
Page 251 and 252:
work that each of them performed. M
Page 253 and 254:
citations lead a reader to even mor
Page 255 and 256:
no apologies: it has been my intent
Page 257 and 258:
NOTESSOURCE CITATIONS ARE reported
Page 259 and 260:
temporary war housing, compared to
Page 261 and 262:
Americans working in the munitions
Page 263 and 264:
p. 26, 4 Franklin Roosevelt’s ad
Page 265 and 266:
states’ insistence on their right
Page 267 and 268:
not a useful tool. What we should b
Page 269 and 270:
Americans. The Protestant, mostly A
Page 271 and 272:
p. 64, 2 Jackson 1985, 200.p. 65,
Page 273 and 274:
If the FHA had made nondiscriminati
Page 275 and 276:
very small number of loans in Afric
Page 277 and 278:
CHAPTER 6:White Flightp. 93, 1 Kim
Page 279 and 280:
Estate Exchange notified brokers an
Page 281 and 282:
p. 105, 1 Plotkin 1999, 75, 118-19
Page 283 and 284:
Many of those loans were then purch
Page 285 and 286:
that the decision was at least in p
Page 287 and 288:
owners who sought white renters, bu
Page 289 and 290:
CHAPTER 10:Suppressed Incomesp. 154
Page 291 and 292:
p. 168, 1 Myrdal 1944, 417-18; de
Page 293 and 294:
renters and attempt to secure housi
Page 295 and 296:
p. 194 Bernestine Williams moved to
Page 297 and 298:
p. 208, 3 Berdahl-Baldwin 2015. Ot
Page 299 and 300:
p. 226, 4 Kennedy 2013, 18; Boddie
Page 301 and 302:
p. 234, 2 Waters and Pineau 2015,
Page 303 and 304:
but mostly I’ve simply summarized
Page 305 and 306:
Correll v. Earley. 1951. Supreme Co
Page 307 and 308:
In USCCR 1960, 636-57.American City
Page 309 and 310:
Berdahl-Baldwin, Audrey. 2015. Hous
Page 311 and 312:
Buckley, Cara. 2010. “Tenants and
Page 313 and 314:
Daily Palo Alto Times. 1955. “Wor
Page 315 and 316:
Fordham Law Review. 1957. “Consti
Page 317 and 318:
———. 1955b. “Sewer Fees Boo
Page 319 and 320:
Opportunity for Section 8 Voucher H
Page 321 and 322:
University Press.Lambert, Bruce. 19
Page 323 and 324:
Papers. Group II, Series A, General
Page 325 and 326:
———. 2002. The Interstates an
Page 327 and 328:
———. 2016. “The Racist Root
Page 329 and 330:
March 10.Radford, Gail. 1996. Moder
Page 331 and 332:
———. 2016. Realizing the Hous
Page 333 and 334:
Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy I
Page 335 and 336:
———. 1967. A Time to Listen
Page 337 and 338:
Wilhelm, Mark O. 2001. “The Role
Page 339 and 340:
PHOTOGRAPH CREDITSPage numbers list
Page 341 and 342:
192 As public housing towers like P
Page 343 and 344:
migration from South, 5, 45, 68, 15
Page 345 and 346:
Berkeley (CA), 66-67, 80-81, 121-22
Page 347 and 348:
California Real Estate Association,
Page 349 and 350:
Commerce, U.S. Department of, 51, 6
Page 351 and 352:
Dewey, Thomas, 259n31disparate impa
Page 353 and 354:
relocates to Milpitas (CA), 9, 115,
Page 355 and 356:
see also Advisory Committee on Zoni
Page 357 and 358:
IRS, see Internal Revenue Service (
Page 359 and 360:
restrictive covenants in, 81, 104,
Page 361 and 362:
see also Black Jack; Creve Coeur; D
Page 363 and 364:
New York State, 157, 179, 264n60, 2
Page 365 and 366:
see also Climbing Mount Laurel; Lev
Page 367 and 368:
see also blockbusting; National Ass
Page 369 and 370:
officials’ attitudes regarding ra
Page 371 and 372:
sharecropping, 4, 40, 154Sharkey, P
Page 373 and 374:
tax exemptions for enforcing segreg
Page 375 and 376:
VA, see Veterans AdministrationVale
Page 377 and 378:
Woodward, C. Vann, see The Strange
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