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significant role in the rhetoric of Black Nationalists from Marcus Garvey to Malcolm X.
Edmonds’ criticisms, however, were never apparent in her public statements or
conversations with White conservatives. Maintaining Black dignity tempered her public
statements regarding Black life and culture.
Political scientist Lewis A. Randolph suggests that while Black conservatives may
have leaned right on matters outside of Jim Crow, most Black conservatives were in the
Black mainstream in their embrace of the goals of the civil rights movement. The
movement, particularly during its nonviolent, integrationist phase of the 1950s and
early 1960s, was predominantly led by the Black middle class, was saturated with
traditional religious undertones, and played to middle class moral sensibilities that made
it easy for Black conservatives to embrace its goals. Helen Edmonds frequently, and
publicly, stated her support for the end of legalized segregation and other forms of
overt racism. 37
Edmonds’ rhetoric against the War on Poverty and denunciations against
militants in the mid-to-late 1960s placed her clearly on the right of the political
spectrum. However, as her experience with the National Review demonstrated, her
opposition to legalized racial inequality in the South placed her outside of the emerging
White conservative movement. Moreover, unlike many White conservatives, Edmonds
refused to partake in anything she viewed as anti-Black. While she remained a
conservative throughout the rest of her life, there remained tension between her politics
and what she perceived as overt racism within the emerging White conservative
movement.
Such was the case with many Black Republicans as the party embraced the
father of modern conservatism, Barry Goldwater, in the 1964 presidential election.
While a few Black conservatives like George Schuyler joined Goldwater and other White
conservatives in opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, most split with their party in that
year’s elections. 38 So far had African Americans been driven out of the party, a 1964
37
Randolph, “Black Neoconservatives in the United States,” 150.
38
Schuyler was eventually fired in 1964 after he endorsed Goldwater, and he
subsequently joined the John Birch Society. George Schuyler, “Views and Reviews,”