Slavery to Liberation- The African American Experience, 2019a

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271 pseudo-scientific research that demonstrated supposed negative genetic traits of certain groups that should not be allowed to reproduce: the mentally ill or disabled, those deemed sexually deviant, criminals, immigrants, the indigent, and minorities. Some doctors actively engaged in eugenicide, killing patients or willfully neglecting them— often newborns—until they died. 47 Forced sterilization became the most mainstream manifestation of eugenics, with states adopting forced sterilization laws in the first decade of the twentieth century. Although masked as progressive reform (to produce the most superior citizens and to reduce government spending on providing for the "unworthy") and supported by public health advocates, scientists, physicians, and politicians, forced sterilization was a product of racism and xenophobia. In many ways, proponents promoted forced sterilization similar to the ways they advocated residential segregation (i.e., African Americans should be kept out of White neighborhoods to prevent the spread of disease) or anti-miscegenation (i.e., interracial marriage and children would produce "inferior," mixed race children, damaging to White purity). The Nazis partially modeled their own policies of sterilization and eugenicide in the 1930s and 1940s on American practices. 48 Eighteen Southern states adopted sterilization laws and often used them to target African American women. In 1964, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party leader Fannie Lou Hamer spoke of her own experience. In 1961, Hamer underwent surgery in Mississippi for a uterine tumor. During surgery, and without her consent, the operating physician performed an unnecessary hysterectomy. Hamer highlighted the commonality of the procedure, which she dubbed a "Mississippi appendectomy," and estimated that 47 Lisa Ko, "Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States," Independent Lens, January 29, 2016. 48 Edwin Black, "The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics," History News Network, September 2003, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1796, last accessed July 11, 2019.
272 physicians at the hospital, without consent and with no medical need, sterilized approximately 60% of Black female patients. 49 HEALTHCARE AND CIVIL RIGHTS Starting in the 1940s, the Black National Medical Association began to support the efforts of the NAACP and others to push for the integration of hospitals. Black civic leaders first targeted the Veterans Administration hospitals in 1945, finally succeeding in integration of these federally funded hospitals in 1953. Like other areas of civil rights, the push for medical equality proved extremely difficult. 50 Most hospital nationwide remained segregated through the 1960s; one 1956 study found segregation in 83% of hospitals in the North and 94% of hospitals in the South. While the Civil Rights Movement most prominently focused on the desegregation of schools and voting rights, activists also fought for health equality. Community health workers established their clinics in places like Mississippi where none existed for African Americans. Medical students pushed schools to serve nearby Black residents. Lawyers sued hospitals that violated the discrimination provision of the Hill Burton Act. Black physicians played prominent roles in the NAACP and other civil rights groups. For example, T.R.M. Howard, a surgeon and president of the National Medical Association, founded the Regional Council of Negro Leadership in 1951, a Mississippi-based civil rights organization, and rose to national fame for his involvement in the case of Emmett Till, murdered in 1955. Physicians John Holloman Jr. and Walter Lee started the Medical Committee for Civil Rights in 1963. The group picketed the annual American Medical Association convention that year in protest over the organization's continued acceptance of discrimination by local chapters (it would not formally bar racial exclusion 49 "Fannie Lou Hamer," WGBH Educational Foundation, 2018, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/freedomsummer-hamer/, last accessed July 11, 2019. 50 Gamble, Making a Place for Ourselves, 183.
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The African American Experience Edi
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This work is licensed under a Creat
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ii Chapter 9.......................
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iv teaching African American course
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Afr
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3 subordinate and Whites as superor
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5 them. This lack of labor force pa
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7 intact.” 6 Indeed, from the tra
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9 Chapter 2 CONCEPTS OF BEAUTY: BLA
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11 Some other important characteris
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13 Figure 3. Leonardo Da Vinci, The
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15 Noah’s statement that Canaan w
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17 to the popular consciousness of
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19 equally affected by this extensi
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21 been the dissemination of images
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23 Figure 5. Frē Seyon, Diptych wi
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25 standards of beauty and positive
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27 Chapter 3 Gumboot Dancing and St
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29 style drew from the traditional
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31 style. And it is no longer restr
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33 and dance in the curriculum. Gum
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35 setjhaba sa heso, Setjhaba sa So
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37 European domination.” 9 The Al
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39 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GUMBOOT DAN
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41 communities…dance is often bas
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43 original words that created a un
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45 aesthetic values of their releva
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47 Objective and Activity 4: Studen
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49 Gumboot miners of the darkened h
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51 Dance (1996). 32 Stepping has be
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53 Chapter 4 “The Strong Cords of
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55 primarily signify present-day so
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57 attributable to several factors:
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59 who escaped from Kentucky with h
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61 Canada. One of the most well-kno
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63 escaping alone. But most mothers
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65 River. Unable to find the freedo
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67 freedom for themselves instead o
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69 600 coloured [sic] people, among
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71 Some wrote to their former ensla
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73 sources. What other materials co
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75 Black sexuality has received a f
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77 her ‘perform’—she was held
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79 descent in North America, and pa
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81 willingly mixed their blood with
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83 White women as well. One form of
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85 The end of slavery ushered in an
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87 However, despite her obedience,
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89 how untreated syphilis affected
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91 A third example involved a fourt
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93 people have presented Black sexu
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95 about the campaign against Birth
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97 Issues of Black sexuality have s
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99 Discussion Questions 1. How did
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new people. They spoke English, wor
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Carolina, newspaper The Hive. After
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Peake (1823-1862) a mixed-race, wel
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American Missionary Association est
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Washington’s far-reaching influen
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lawyers. In this instance, there wa
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institutions. The Jeanes Rural Scho
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THE NAACP AND THE SUPREME COURT Th
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Arkansas, nine Black children chose
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119 CHAPTER 7 “It is Our Freedom
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121 moved to Indian Territory so th
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123 documented several instances of
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125 Blacks among Native American po
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127 Black heritage which became a t
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129 same means. 32 The eventual wit
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131 occupation as the best solution
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133 African American farmers. Overa
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135 popularizing the notion of Kans
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137 joined to form settlements in t
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139 perseverance and Christian mora
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141 Louisiana. 81 The town made nat
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143 lived there by 1907—the same
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145 racial landscape reflected what
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147 the riot were still visible in
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149 settlers to earlier settlers of
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151 her 1937 interview fails to men
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153 Writing Prompt Freedom and Iden
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155 Civil War, an in-depth examinat
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157 for his actions in heroically c
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159 racial division of American soc
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161 U.S., Fagen reached such a high
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163 As the military mobilized in th
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165 in a letter why he should sacri
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167 Momentum built quickly in the y
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169 Influenced heavily by the Sovie
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171 As the Ranger Training program
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173 Chinese soldiers had given thei
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175 of the first ten months of comb
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177 CHAPTER 9 Prophecy in the Stree
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179 Slave owners allowed slaves to
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181 African slave preachers such as
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183 and benefits for each way to ac
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185 early example of politics of th
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187 they address.” 26 Thus, leade
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189 commitment meant the willingnes
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191 not enough to create the social
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193 Black churches also played a pi
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195 community. After graduating fro
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197 role. However, to be clear, it
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199 to life, liberty, and the pursu
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201 There are people who are hurtin
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203 Discussion Questions 1. How wer
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205 movement that arose in the 1960
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207 supporting integrated public sc
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209 didn’t want to protest to mak
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211 reliance, and her numerous book
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213 communist philosophy. 28 And wh
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215 she argued that its roots were
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217 RNC pamphlet highlighting the p
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219 independence.” This rhetoric
Page 230 and 231: 221 direct funding to women and enc
Page 232 and 233: 223 entrepreneurship, King emphasiz
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Page 240 and 241: 231 mainstream Black politics and o
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Page 244 and 245: 235 their palpable animosity—and
Page 246 and 247: 237 ascension buttressed that belie
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Page 252 and 253: 243 Soviet Union. McClintock was ob
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Page 256 and 257: 247 tag that struck colonial chords
Page 258 and 259: 249 Foreman and Ali each had five m
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Page 264 and 265: 255 Chapter 12 Critical Issues in A
Page 266 and 267: 257 Poor health continued into adul
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Page 272 and 273: 263 Black Health and Healthcare Aft
Page 274 and 275: 265 Facing discrimination from Whit
Page 276 and 277: 267 The Black medical profession ma
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Page 284 and 285: 275 U.S. Public Health Service in 1
Page 286 and 287: 277 physicians? 3. How have African
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Page 290 and 291: 281 and economic norms to create a
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Page 294 and 295: 285 YOUTUBE’S ROLE IN THE ONLINE
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Page 304 and 305: 295 involves interpreting the world
Page 306 and 307: 297 Mis-Education of the Negro. 38
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Page 322 and 323: 313 elections, yet these studies ha
Page 324 and 325: 315 Gary Jacobson suggests, "From t
Page 326 and 327: 317 assuming that it made them more
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321 Representatives members to seve
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323 The incumbency factor scares of
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325 THE INTERSECTION OF DESCRIPTIVE
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327 leadership impacts what legisla
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329 their needs." 60 Many African A
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331 political party. The role of pa
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333 Furthermore, scholars must look
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335 equity, inclusion, and diversit
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337 Emmitt Y. Riley III is Assistan
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