Slavery to Liberation- The African American Experience, 2019a

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329 their needs." 60 Many African American members of Congress have sponsored resolutions that are examples of symbolic legislation to honor important figures in the African American community. For example, Democratic Congressman Bennie G. Thomson from Mississippi's 2nd Congressional District sponsored a bill that renamed the post office in Jackson, Mississippi after Civil Rights activist Medgar Evers. He also sponsored a resolution that named the post office in Ruleville, Mississippi, after Fannie Lou Hamer. Members also sponsor resolutions honoring teachers, activists, university administrators, and many other segments of the African American community. It was symbolic legislation sponsored by Congressman John Lewis that led to a national holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. While these resolutions may seem trivial, the representation of African American figures by African American members of Congress serves an essential function in providing reassurance to African American constituencies. Just as African American members of Congress pursue symbolic legislation, they also sponsor substantive legislation that reflects the interest of African Americans. African American interests include any legislation that seeks to impact the lives of African Americans positively. Substantive bills sponsored 61 by African Americans in the 116th Congress: H.R. 582: Raise Wage Act H.R. 4: Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2019 H.R. 40: Commission to Study and Develop Reparations Proposal for African Americans H.R. 7390: Violence Against Women Act of 2019 H.R. 4448: Medicare Drug Pre-Negotiation Act H.R. 447: Affordable and Safe Prescription Act 60 Valeria Sinclair Chapman, Presence, Promise, and Progress; Black Representation in the U.S. Congress (Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University, 2002). 61 While this list is not exhaustive, it does reflect a small sample of the types of substantive policies that African Americans in the U.S. House of Representatives pursue. The above mentioned House Resolutions were sponsored by Maxine Waters, Shelia Jackson Lee, Elijah Cummings, or Bobby Rush.
330 H.R. 35: Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act. Each of these pieces of legislation represents essential issues to the African American community. These House Resolution sponsorships by African American members of Congress allow members to claim credit for advocating for the interests of their constituencies. Members are then able to use these items as they campaign for reelection. Additionally, members are able to communicate the nature and potential impact of these laws in newsletters and town-hall meetings. African American members of Congress have also been highly successful at “bringing home the bacon,” an expression that refers to the securing of federal funding for projects within their district. Christian Grose (2011) finds “Black representatives are more likely than White representatives to allocate projects to Black constituents.” 62 Specifically, Grose shows that “there is a direct relationship between the election of African American legislators” and funding for “historically Black colleges and universities.” 63 From the vantage point of a constituency, this advocacy connects to the concerns of the community, allowing members to build a reputation for substantive advocacy. Although individual legislators have indeed sponsored substantive legislation, the Congressional Black Caucus has been instrumental in keeping the substantive policies relevant to African Americans on the political agenda. Since its founding in 1971, the Congressional Black Caucus has been a strong advocate for reforming criminal justice, fighting voter suppression, expanding access and making health care more affordable, protecting workers, and improving access to quality education. In advocating for these issues, Rep. Willie L. Clay, Sr. said, “Black people have not permanent friends, no permanent enemies….just permanent interest.” One of the challenges, however, has been that the interests of the Congressional Black Caucus have not always been the interests of the Democratic Party. The representational dilemma faced by African American House members is that they must satisfy their constituencies and their 62 Grose, Congress in Black and White, 135. 63 Ibid, 136.
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The African American Experience Edi
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This work is licensed under a Creat
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ii Chapter 9.......................
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iv teaching African American course
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Afr
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3 subordinate and Whites as superor
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5 them. This lack of labor force pa
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7 intact.” 6 Indeed, from the tra
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9 Chapter 2 CONCEPTS OF BEAUTY: BLA
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11 Some other important characteris
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13 Figure 3. Leonardo Da Vinci, The
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15 Noah’s statement that Canaan w
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17 to the popular consciousness of
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19 equally affected by this extensi
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21 been the dissemination of images
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23 Figure 5. Frē Seyon, Diptych wi
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25 standards of beauty and positive
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27 Chapter 3 Gumboot Dancing and St
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29 style drew from the traditional
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31 style. And it is no longer restr
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33 and dance in the curriculum. Gum
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35 setjhaba sa heso, Setjhaba sa So
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37 European domination.” 9 The Al
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39 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GUMBOOT DAN
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41 communities…dance is often bas
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43 original words that created a un
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45 aesthetic values of their releva
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47 Objective and Activity 4: Studen
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49 Gumboot miners of the darkened h
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51 Dance (1996). 32 Stepping has be
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53 Chapter 4 “The Strong Cords of
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55 primarily signify present-day so
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57 attributable to several factors:
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59 who escaped from Kentucky with h
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61 Canada. One of the most well-kno
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63 escaping alone. But most mothers
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65 River. Unable to find the freedo
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67 freedom for themselves instead o
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69 600 coloured [sic] people, among
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71 Some wrote to their former ensla
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73 sources. What other materials co
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75 Black sexuality has received a f
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77 her ‘perform’—she was held
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79 descent in North America, and pa
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81 willingly mixed their blood with
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83 White women as well. One form of
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85 The end of slavery ushered in an
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87 However, despite her obedience,
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89 how untreated syphilis affected
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91 A third example involved a fourt
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93 people have presented Black sexu
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95 about the campaign against Birth
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97 Issues of Black sexuality have s
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99 Discussion Questions 1. How did
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new people. They spoke English, wor
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Carolina, newspaper The Hive. After
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Peake (1823-1862) a mixed-race, wel
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American Missionary Association est
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Washington’s far-reaching influen
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lawyers. In this instance, there wa
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institutions. The Jeanes Rural Scho
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THE NAACP AND THE SUPREME COURT Th
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Arkansas, nine Black children chose
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119 CHAPTER 7 “It is Our Freedom
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121 moved to Indian Territory so th
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123 documented several instances of
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125 Blacks among Native American po
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127 Black heritage which became a t
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129 same means. 32 The eventual wit
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131 occupation as the best solution
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133 African American farmers. Overa
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135 popularizing the notion of Kans
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137 joined to form settlements in t
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139 perseverance and Christian mora
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141 Louisiana. 81 The town made nat
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143 lived there by 1907—the same
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145 racial landscape reflected what
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147 the riot were still visible in
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149 settlers to earlier settlers of
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151 her 1937 interview fails to men
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153 Writing Prompt Freedom and Iden
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155 Civil War, an in-depth examinat
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157 for his actions in heroically c
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159 racial division of American soc
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161 U.S., Fagen reached such a high
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163 As the military mobilized in th
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165 in a letter why he should sacri
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167 Momentum built quickly in the y
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169 Influenced heavily by the Sovie
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171 As the Ranger Training program
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173 Chinese soldiers had given thei
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175 of the first ten months of comb
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177 CHAPTER 9 Prophecy in the Stree
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179 Slave owners allowed slaves to
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181 African slave preachers such as
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183 and benefits for each way to ac
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185 early example of politics of th
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187 they address.” 26 Thus, leade
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189 commitment meant the willingnes
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191 not enough to create the social
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193 Black churches also played a pi
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195 community. After graduating fro
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197 role. However, to be clear, it
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199 to life, liberty, and the pursu
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201 There are people who are hurtin
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203 Discussion Questions 1. How wer
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205 movement that arose in the 1960
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207 supporting integrated public sc
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209 didn’t want to protest to mak
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211 reliance, and her numerous book
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213 communist philosophy. 28 And wh
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215 she argued that its roots were
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217 RNC pamphlet highlighting the p
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219 independence.” This rhetoric
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221 direct funding to women and enc
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223 entrepreneurship, King emphasiz
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225 are part owners of that superma
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227 contribute to their betterment
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229 “helping Black business peopl
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231 mainstream Black politics and o
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233 United States or Soviet Union:
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235 their palpable animosity—and
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237 ascension buttressed that belie
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239 majority in Parliament, nationa
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241 most developed nations in Latin
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243 Soviet Union. McClintock was ob
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245 They exploited the disorganized
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247 tag that struck colonial chords
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249 Foreman and Ali each had five m
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251 Frazier expressed little to no
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253 resurrect the Era of Fantastic
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255 Chapter 12 Critical Issues in A
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257 Poor health continued into adul
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259 other enslaved members, passed
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261 from an American medical school
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263 Black Health and Healthcare Aft
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265 Facing discrimination from Whit
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267 The Black medical profession ma
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269 weekly event turned into year-r
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271 pseudo-scientific research that
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273 until 1968); marched in the 196
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275 U.S. Public Health Service in 1
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277 physicians? 3. How have African
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Page 290 and 291: 281 and economic norms to create a
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Page 304 and 305: 295 involves interpreting the world
Page 306 and 307: 297 Mis-Education of the Negro. 38
Page 308 and 309: 299 Afrofuturism to decipher and pr
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Page 316 and 317: 307 Writing Prompt Which people, ev
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Page 322 and 323: 313 elections, yet these studies ha
Page 324 and 325: 315 Gary Jacobson suggests, "From t
Page 326 and 327: 317 assuming that it made them more
Page 328 and 329: 319 Congress has passed, but they w
Page 330 and 331: 321 Representatives members to seve
Page 332 and 333: 323 The incumbency factor scares of
Page 334 and 335: 325 THE INTERSECTION OF DESCRIPTIVE
Page 336 and 337: 327 leadership impacts what legisla
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Page 342 and 343: 333 Furthermore, scholars must look
Page 344 and 345: 335 equity, inclusion, and diversit
Page 346 and 347: 337 Emmitt Y. Riley III is Assistan
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