Slavery to Liberation- The African American Experience, 2019a

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279 BrotherBenX; TariqRadio; PrinceIfatunde; YourBlackWorld; and UrbanX.TV. The thought leaders are both eagerly and often hesitantly referred to as spearheads of the Black Conscious Community. The Black Conscious Community is a conglomerate of sporadically allied African Americans who advocate replacing mainstream Black philosophies and institutions with Afrocentric and Black Nationalist ideas and action. The YouTubers of focus were chosen due to their loose connections and because they are among the most influential and thought-provoking in their justifications for the complete transformation of the psyche and physical reality of all people of African descent. 3 Many of the Black YouTube radicals are often offended by the term and categorization of “YouTube Revolutionary” or “Web-Oblutionary” because they believe such titles diminish the importance of their online and in-person work. Yet, the label is appropriate and reflects unique characteristics that make the online Black militants’ important voices in the current political and social media landscape. 4 The new virtual presence in Black radical thinking and action amassed by these YouTube radicals are worthy of serious scholarly study because they represent a critical stage of development in Black revolutionary history and consciousness. AN OVERVIEW OF STAGES OF BLACK RADICALISM IN THE UNITED STATES Black radicalism, militancy, or resistance to White supremacy in the United States has remained a central feature in African American history from the slavery era throughout present times. 5 Whenever repression was present, African Americans used confrontational means to liberate or free themselves from White control. Blacks’ 3 KEYOFLIFE Production. “Red Pill Talks the New COINTELPRO & a Code of Conduct for the Black Conscious Community!!!” YouTube, 46:43, January 20, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zGaXN-FlHg&t=150s. 4 KEYOFLIFE Production. “Red Pill Sounds Off on Conscious Platforms: ‘I Have to Publicly Separate My Self from Them.” YouTube, 47:51, May 28, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24jEuY93D38. 5 Gaye Theresa Johnson and Alex Lubin, Introduction to Futures of Black Radicalism (London: Verso Books, 2017).
280 combative actions demonstrated the connections between Black radicalism and Black consciousness because they both involve a state of mind that seeks to actively challenge racism through means like spirituality, politics, education, and even violence. Years prior to social media’s rise, different forms of Black radicalism emerged to respond to the prevailing types of racial oppression. During Africans’ sixteenth to nineteenth-century Middle Passage, many soon-to-be slaves revolted against their White captors. Their resistance methods were both passive (discreet) and active (vigorous). 6 Though detained, Africans always longed to free themselves from their confinement, which was a form of mental, yet passive resistance. Forms of passive resistance also included sabotaging tools and crops and faking illnesses. In contrast to passive Black resistance, one example of active resistance occurred in 1839 on the Spanish La Amistad slave ship during the Middle Passage. After the Mende people of Sierra Leone banded together to violently overthrow the White captors who were charged with shipping them from Africa to the Americas for slavery, the Mende resisters attempted to force the remaining Spanish men to steer the ship back to Africa. Instead of sailing to Africa, the White men directed the ship to the East Coast of the United States, which landed on Long Island. Despite the Mende failing to return their slave ship to Africa, they successfully proved their case for freedom in the American courts on the grounds that slave trading (not slavery) had been illegal in the United States since 1808. 7 Similar active forms of resistance occurred during Africans’ enslavement period in the United States, particularly in the form of slave revolts. Blacks were expected to accept their inferior status and live under the rules that Whites defined for them. Yet, the pressures of having limited freedom and little control over their own affairs often expanded into a philosophical and concrete arena known as Black radicalism. The concept concerns people who believe in forcefully overthrowing existing political, social, 6 Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, "Processes of Exiting the Slave Systems: A Typology," in Slave Systems: Ancient and Modern, ed. Enrico Dal Lago and Constantina Katsari (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 233-264. 7 Marcus Rediker, The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom (New York: Penguin, 2012).
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The African American Experience Edi
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This work is licensed under a Creat
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ii Chapter 9.......................
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iv teaching African American course
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Afr
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3 subordinate and Whites as superor
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5 them. This lack of labor force pa
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7 intact.” 6 Indeed, from the tra
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9 Chapter 2 CONCEPTS OF BEAUTY: BLA
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11 Some other important characteris
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13 Figure 3. Leonardo Da Vinci, The
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15 Noah’s statement that Canaan w
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17 to the popular consciousness of
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19 equally affected by this extensi
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21 been the dissemination of images
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23 Figure 5. Frē Seyon, Diptych wi
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25 standards of beauty and positive
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27 Chapter 3 Gumboot Dancing and St
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29 style drew from the traditional
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31 style. And it is no longer restr
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33 and dance in the curriculum. Gum
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35 setjhaba sa heso, Setjhaba sa So
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37 European domination.” 9 The Al
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39 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GUMBOOT DAN
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41 communities…dance is often bas
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43 original words that created a un
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45 aesthetic values of their releva
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47 Objective and Activity 4: Studen
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49 Gumboot miners of the darkened h
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51 Dance (1996). 32 Stepping has be
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53 Chapter 4 “The Strong Cords of
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55 primarily signify present-day so
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57 attributable to several factors:
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59 who escaped from Kentucky with h
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61 Canada. One of the most well-kno
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63 escaping alone. But most mothers
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65 River. Unable to find the freedo
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67 freedom for themselves instead o
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69 600 coloured [sic] people, among
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71 Some wrote to their former ensla
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73 sources. What other materials co
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75 Black sexuality has received a f
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77 her ‘perform’—she was held
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79 descent in North America, and pa
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81 willingly mixed their blood with
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83 White women as well. One form of
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85 The end of slavery ushered in an
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87 However, despite her obedience,
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89 how untreated syphilis affected
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91 A third example involved a fourt
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93 people have presented Black sexu
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95 about the campaign against Birth
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97 Issues of Black sexuality have s
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99 Discussion Questions 1. How did
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new people. They spoke English, wor
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Carolina, newspaper The Hive. After
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Peake (1823-1862) a mixed-race, wel
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American Missionary Association est
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Washington’s far-reaching influen
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lawyers. In this instance, there wa
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institutions. The Jeanes Rural Scho
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THE NAACP AND THE SUPREME COURT Th
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Arkansas, nine Black children chose
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119 CHAPTER 7 “It is Our Freedom
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121 moved to Indian Territory so th
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123 documented several instances of
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125 Blacks among Native American po
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127 Black heritage which became a t
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129 same means. 32 The eventual wit
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131 occupation as the best solution
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133 African American farmers. Overa
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135 popularizing the notion of Kans
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137 joined to form settlements in t
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139 perseverance and Christian mora
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141 Louisiana. 81 The town made nat
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143 lived there by 1907—the same
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145 racial landscape reflected what
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147 the riot were still visible in
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149 settlers to earlier settlers of
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151 her 1937 interview fails to men
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153 Writing Prompt Freedom and Iden
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155 Civil War, an in-depth examinat
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157 for his actions in heroically c
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159 racial division of American soc
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161 U.S., Fagen reached such a high
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163 As the military mobilized in th
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165 in a letter why he should sacri
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167 Momentum built quickly in the y
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169 Influenced heavily by the Sovie
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171 As the Ranger Training program
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173 Chinese soldiers had given thei
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175 of the first ten months of comb
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177 CHAPTER 9 Prophecy in the Stree
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179 Slave owners allowed slaves to
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181 African slave preachers such as
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183 and benefits for each way to ac
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185 early example of politics of th
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187 they address.” 26 Thus, leade
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189 commitment meant the willingnes
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191 not enough to create the social
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193 Black churches also played a pi
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195 community. After graduating fro
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197 role. However, to be clear, it
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199 to life, liberty, and the pursu
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201 There are people who are hurtin
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203 Discussion Questions 1. How wer
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205 movement that arose in the 1960
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207 supporting integrated public sc
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209 didn’t want to protest to mak
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211 reliance, and her numerous book
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213 communist philosophy. 28 And wh
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215 she argued that its roots were
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217 RNC pamphlet highlighting the p
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219 independence.” This rhetoric
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221 direct funding to women and enc
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223 entrepreneurship, King emphasiz
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225 are part owners of that superma
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227 contribute to their betterment
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Page 244 and 245: 235 their palpable animosity—and
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Page 252 and 253: 243 Soviet Union. McClintock was ob
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Page 256 and 257: 247 tag that struck colonial chords
Page 258 and 259: 249 Foreman and Ali each had five m
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Page 264 and 265: 255 Chapter 12 Critical Issues in A
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Page 268 and 269: 259 other enslaved members, passed
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Page 272 and 273: 263 Black Health and Healthcare Aft
Page 274 and 275: 265 Facing discrimination from Whit
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Page 286 and 287: 277 physicians? 3. How have African
Page 290 and 291: 281 and economic norms to create a
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Page 304 and 305: 295 involves interpreting the world
Page 306 and 307: 297 Mis-Education of the Negro. 38
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Page 322 and 323: 313 elections, yet these studies ha
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Page 326 and 327: 317 assuming that it made them more
Page 328 and 329: 319 Congress has passed, but they w
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Page 332 and 333: 323 The incumbency factor scares of
Page 334 and 335: 325 THE INTERSECTION OF DESCRIPTIVE
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329 their needs." 60 Many African A
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331 political party. The role of pa
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333 Furthermore, scholars must look
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335 equity, inclusion, and diversit
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337 Emmitt Y. Riley III is Assistan
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