VGB POWERTECH 7 (2021) - International Journal for Generation and Storage of Electricity and Heat

VGB PowerTech 7 l 2021 White Paper: German coal phase-out 360°
Quallified reserves by
technology in GW
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
FCR aFRR+ aFRR- mFRR+ mFRR-
Nuclear Lignite Hard coal Gas Oil Biomass
Hydro Battery DSM Wind Others
Fig. 6. Narrowing spinning reserves and cheap qualified volumes for automatic activated reserve
aFRR and manually activated reserve mFFR.
sign was radically changed 3 times in less
than 3 years as a reaction to traumatic
prices. The latest design, introduced in November
2020, is still in the development
state for reducing tender intervals, yet likely
to be exposed to less changes from regulative
side due to the harmonization efforts
on EU level.
At the moment, there is so much concern
regarding meeting demand in the power
markets after the phase-outs, that not much
attention has been laid over the narrowing
spinning reserves and cheap qualified volumes
for aFRR and mFFR (F i g u r e 6 , Frequency
Restoration Reserve (FRR), automatic
activated reserve (aFRR), manually
activated reserve (mFRR)). The implications
on balancing prices and grid costs are
potentially very large.
Hard coal, lignite and nuclear make up a
large portion of the qualified capacity to
deliver FCR (23 %), aFRR (12 %) and
mFRR (28 %). With coal and nuclear
phase-out, this capacity will have to be delivered
by other assets. It is expected that
gas will need to step in on the aFRR and
mFRR markets and batteries will deliver
more FCR, but at the speed things are going
to change, this may come with temporary
scarcity of capacity and associated
higher availability prices.
Germany is a well interconnected country,
a net exporter most of the time. The high
installed capacity, consisting of a diverse
mix of fuel types ensures its position in the
European market. However, in case of unsatisfactory
renewable development or a
period of low renewable generation, Germany
may import electricity from countries
with a ‘dirtier’ fuel mix.
Some of the current projection models
show that the current phase-out plan needs
to be accelerated to meet the 2030 climate
targets and there will be supply shortages
during the high demand periods. Afterall,
it will be the task of the new parliament
and government to review the plans after
September 2021 elections. In the meanwhile,
EnAppSys will be closely following
the developments in the national and international
markets in response to the on-going
phase-outs.
Links to the laws mentioned in the article
Coal Phase-Out Law
CHP Law
Coal Regions Structure
Strengthening Law
Gas and Electricity
Supply Law
KVBG
(Kohleausstiegsgesetz)
KWKG
InvKG
EnWG
Remark
Prominently 3 regions (Lausitz, Rhein and
Central Germany) have economies built
around the coal power sector including mining,
which had a strong impact on setting
the schedule and budget for the phase-outs.
The phase-out law was designed according
to the evaluations of a commission (KWSB)
which has consulted many actors in the sector
and the impacted regions as well over the
course of 2 years. € 40 billion is to be invested
in these regions until the end of the
planned phase-out for restructuring the
economy. In this context, many of the PtX
and Hydrogen innovation investments were
already channelled mainly to these regions.l
VGB-Standard
Guideline for the Testing of DeNOx-catalysts
VGB-S-302-00-2013-04-EN (VGB-S-302-00-2013-04-DE, German edition)
DIN A4, Print/eBook, 68 Pages, Price for VGB-Members € 120.–, Non-Members € 190.–, + Shipping & VAT
The purpose of this VGB-Standard is to manifest a testing procedure, which can be employed by
catalyst manufacturers, SCR equipment suppliers, power plant operators
and independent testing institutions for determining the characteristics of SCR catalysts. The most
important characteristics are guaranteed in the purchase contracts, deviation from these, which are
penalized, need to be manifested under the agreed upon boundary conditions (i.e. testing conditions).
NOx emissions from stationary combustion sources can be reduced by a variety of primary measures
in the furnace or by secondary measures downstream.
The so called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR process) has become the world’s most widely applied
technology for secondary NOx reduction from combustion processes. This is particularly true when
high NOx removal efficiencies (80 to 90 %) are required.
Smaller plants (i.e. waste-to-energy, biomass, etc.) also use the so called Selective Non Catalytic
Reduction (SNCR-process) reducing NOx in the gas phase without employing a catalyst.
VGB-Standard
Guideline for the Testing
of DeNOx-catalysts
VGB-S-302-00-2013-04-EN
(formerly VGB-R 302e)
* Access for eBooks (PDF files) is included in the membership fees for Ordinary Members (operators, plant owners) of VGB. www.vgb.org/vgbvs4om
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